China’s and India’s Emerging Energy Foreign Policy – Sascha Müller-Kraenner 2008.pdf

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Discussion Paper
15/2008
China's and India's Emerging
Energy Foreign Policy
Sascha Müller-Kraenner
China’s and India’s Emerging Energy
Foreign Policy
Sascha Müller-Kraenner
Bonn 2008
Discussion Paper / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik
ISSN 1860-0441
Müller-Kraenner, Sascha:
China’s and India’s emerging energy foreign policy / Sascha Müller-Kraenner.
– Bonn : DIE, 2008. – (Discussion Paper / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik ; 15/2008)
ISBN 978-3-88985-405-6
Sascha Müller-Kraenner
is a Senior Policy Advisor to Ecologie, a Berlin based environmental policy
thinktank. He has puslished extensively on issues of international energy policy and environmental
diplomacy. His book “Energiesicherheit – Die neue Vermessung der Welt” was published by Kunstmann in
spring 2007.
E-Mail: Sascha@ecologic.de
This paper was written with support of the German Ministry of Education and Research under the “Social
Ecological Research” Framework Programme. It is furthermore based on my research with the Yale World
Fellows Program. Most arguments were first presented in: Müller-Kraenner (2007).
© Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik gGmbH
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Foreword
In its research, consulting activities and training courses the German Development
Institute (DIE) has focused on developing strategies, approaches and instruments to cope
with emerging global development problems. In particular, three global challenges are
widely addressed in our the DIE´s work: First, globalization has changed the character of
development problems as such. Increasing interdependency of local problems like poverty
and violent conflict has led to the emergence of complex global problems, which only can
be dealt with through collective action. Secondly, new state and non-state actors are more
and more influencing global politics. Thus, cooperation patterns in international politics
are changing. Thirdly, multilateral institutions and fora are needed in order to resolve
global problems collectively. If this shall be successful, a fundamental reform of the
present global governance architecture is required.
Against this background DIE´s work aims at contributing to find constructive solutions to
global challenges. Therewith, special attention is given to a new group of actors, the
“emerging powers of the South” (Anchor countries). According to DIE´s definition the
group of anchor countries comprises large developing countries, which differ from
typically “smaller” developing countries with regard to their economic size, their regional
and global power as well as their potential to endanger or stabilize their regional and/or
global environment.
1
Since 2004 DIE has published on economic, political and social
developments of anchor countries as well as their role in regional and global politics. This
series of DIE
Discussion Papers
is continued with the present work of Sascha Müller-
Kraenner. He focuses on China´s and India´s foreign policies, which have been subject to
major changes due to the countries´ increasing demand of energy resources. These
emerging foreign energy policies are fundamentally contributing to a geopolitical shift in
global politics and to changing North-South-relations. For instance, in order to meet their
demands in the energy sector, both anchor countries have been enhancing their relations
with resource rich countries in Africa. In consequence, South-South cooperation is
strongly enforced and the role of developing countries in global politics strengthened. In
the context of DIE´s work on global governance issues and anchor countries this
Discussion Paper contributes to a better understanding of current global changes relevant
to the solution of global problems such as scarce energy resources.
Bonn, 2 July 2008
Julia Leininger
1
The group of anchor countries comprises Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria,
Pakistan, Russia, South Africa, Thailand and Turkey.
Abstract
This article aims at analyzing the changing energy foreign policies of the Anchor countries
China and India. Both countries´ economies are growing at an unprecedented pace. Due to
high economic growth based on rapid industrialisation the energy consumption of both
countries is rising fast. Against this background it is explored how the quest for energy
security has transformed both countries’ foreign policies. In fact, energy and, to an
increasing extent, climate change, have become defining elements of both countries’
foreign policy as well as of the international context in which they find themselves. A new
“energy foreign policy” which transforms the character of existing geopolitical rivalries is
emerging. Outside actors such as the European Union must react to these developments
when shaping their policy responses. International institutions and governance structures
have to adapt to take into account the growing weight of China, India and other emerging
economies. Last but not least, energy security and climate change considerations should
be merged into an integrated sustainable energy policy.

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