Introducing English Grammar, Second Edition.pdf

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Kersti Börjars
Kate Burridge
Introducing
Grammar
second edition
English
First published in Great Britain in 2010 by
Hodder Education, an Hachette UK Company,
338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH
© 2010 Kersti Börjars and Kate Burridge
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanically,
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system, without either prior permission in writing from the publisher or a
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are issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency: Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street,
London EC1N 8TS.
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The advice and information in this book are believed to be true and
accurate at the date of going to press, but neither the author[s] nor the publisher
can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 978 1444 10987 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cover photo by Nathan Blane/Photodisc
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Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wilts
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Contents
Preface to the second edition
Preface to the first edition
vii
ix
1
Introduction: the glamour of grammar
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Purpose and nature of grammatical description
Standard English and variation
English rules, OK?
Why study English grammar?
English language in the workplace
The branches of linguistics
Exercises
1
2
5
7
12
14
15
2
The structure of sentences
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
Introduction
The structure of words
How do we know sentences have structure?
Constituency tests
Three additional tests
Nested constituents
Representing structure
Points to remember
Exercises
18
18
23
24
33
34
38
40
41
3
The words of English
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
Introduction
The meaning of lexical categories
Structural criteria
Major categories
The minor categories
Phrasal categories and their structure
Points to remember
Exercises
43
43
44
47
67
70
76
77
4
Functions within the clause
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
Introduction
The predicate
The subject
The object
The predicative complement
The adverbial
Trees
Points to remember
Exercises
79
80
81
88
92
95
100
103
104
iii
Introducing English Grammar
5
Different sentence types
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
Introduction
Declaratives
Interrogatives
Imperatives
Exclamatives
Echoes
Trees
Points to remember
Exercises
The constituency of verb strings
Time and tense
Lexical verbs and auxiliary verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Lexical
have, be
and
do
Classes of lexical verbs
Trees
Points to remember
Exercises
How to spot a noun phrase
Who’s the boss?
Determiners
Pre-modifiers
Pre-determiners
Post-modifiers
Complements
Trees
Points to remember
Exercises
Clauses
Finite sub-clauses
Non-finite clauses
Subjectless clauses
Trees
Points to remember
Exercises
Introduction
Information packaging
Discourse strategies
Points to remember
Exercises
Introduction
Speech versus writing
E-Speak – somewhere between speech and writing
Occupational varieties
Points to remember
Exercises
107
108
108
115
119
120
122
125
125
128
131
133
137
149
150
158
165
165
167
168
169
173
176
177
178
179
187
187
189
192
202
210
211
218
219
221
221
228
236
237
241
242
249
251
264
265
6
The verb phrase
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
7
The noun phrase
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8
Clauses within clauses
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
9
Beyond the sentence
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
10
Grammar at work
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
iv

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