Cytokines - Stress and Immunity - E. Plotnikoff, et al., (CRC, 1999) WW.pdf

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CYTOKINES

Stress and Immunity

edited by

Nicholas P. Plotnikoff

Robert E. Faith

Anthony J. Murgo

Robert A. Good

CRC PR E S S

Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

Acquiring Editor:

Project Editor:

Marketing Manager:

Cover design:

Liz Covello

Maggie Mogck

Becky McEldowney

Jonathan Pennell

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Cytokines: stress and immunity / edited by Nicholas P. Plotnikoff . . . [et al.].

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8493-3150-1 (alk. paper)

1. Cytokines. 2. Stress (Physiology). 3. Stress (Psychology). 4. Immunity.

5. Psychoneuroimmunology.

I. Plotnikoff, Nicholas P.

QR185.8.C95C996 1998

616.07'9—dc21

98-34473

CIP

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Preface

It has not been long since the immune system was considered to be an independent

system designated to stand alone in defense of the body from infections. This view

was fostered by the fact that many immune functions can be induced

in vitro

and

contribute to the appearance that these functions are independent of other bodily

systems. Increasing knowledge in recent years of the immune system and its func-

tioning has made it clear that the immune system does not stand alone, but is

profoundly affected by other organ systems, especially the central nervous and

neuroendocrine systems, and in turn affect the functioning of these systems as well.

The three systems can now be considered to be a kind of super system. In many

ways this makes sense and seems right. The more our knowledge of the systems

increases, the more it becomes apparent that these three networks are intimately tied

together as a major set of networks or super network. Elements of the three systems

share a common origin in the neuroectoderm and also share controlling feedback

loops. All three systems produce a number of cytokines, hormones, or neuropeptides

in common, and cells of all three systems appear to share receptors for some of

these molecules. This super system performs the critically important function of

many of the homeostatic controls.

The information contained in this book extend our knowledge of the close

relationships and multifaceted interactions of the three components of the super

system, exemplifying how each exerts checks and controls on the others. The book

provides new insights into the potential role of the increasing number of cytokines

in stress responses and neuroendocrine-immune reactions. During the last decade,

substantial advances have been made in understanding the nature of these relation-

ships and the interactions they imply. A recurrent theme in this volume is the role

played by cytokines and neurohormones in mediating bidirectional communications

between the immune, central nervous, and neuroendocrine systems. Many previously

elusive factors have now been identified and well characterized. The synthesis and

secretion of neurohormones by lymphocytes and the production of cytokines by cells

of the neuroendocrine system are documented and described. Thus, there exists in

the mammalian body a complex, yet unified, neuroendocrine-immune network which

is undoubtedly very much involved in the responses to stress.

Improved knowledge of tumor biology and tumor host relationships has led to

a better understanding of how neuroendocrine and immune factors mediate the

effects of stress on tumor growth and development. Conversely, nothing is more a

stimulus of physical and psychological stress in humans than a malignant tumor.

Cytokines and neuroendocrine factors appear to be responsible for many of the

remote effects of cancer on the host, e.g., pain, anorexia, weight loss, cachexia,

fever, and depression. Several chapters in this book provide insights into the nature

of interactions between cancer and neuroendocrine and immune systems, and address

clinical implications of these interactions.

Our earlier reviews of research into clinical depression revealed mechanisms

involved and reactions generated by stress, including correlates such as reduction in

mitogen-induced blastogenesis and other measures of immune function. Our present

effort represents an attempt to bring together the approaches in investigating changes

in cytokine levels that result from clinical depression or other forms of adaptations

to stress. If stress can result in induced parameters of immune function, the mech-

anisms involved could operate at the cytokine level. Central inhibitory mechanisms

via the autonomic nervous systems, as well as the endocrine system, may account

for alterations of cytokine responses and functions and activities. Thus, cancer and

AIDS patients exhibit reduced interleukin-2 and

interferon levels possibly related,

at least in part, to clinical depression or other manifestations of the stress to which

the patients are exposed.

New findings in clinical research are presented by the several contributors to

this book. They represent neuroimmunological challenges for investigation of clin-

ical manifestations of stress. These findings may help clarify some of the complex-

ities of clinical stress as they relate to infectious diseases, including AIDS and even

Cytokines - Stress and Immunity - E. Plotnikoff, et al., (CRC, 1999) WW.pdf

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