Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence 3rd ed. - Fed. Judicial Ctr., NRC (NAP, 2011) WW.pdf

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Reference Manual on
Scientific Evidence
Third Edition
Committee on the Development of the Third Edition of the
Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence
Committee on Science, Technology, and Law
Policy and Global Affairs
FEDERAL JUDICIAL CENTER
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
The Federal Judicial Center contributed to this publication in furtherance of the Center’s
statutory mission to develop and conduct educational programs for judicial branch employ-
ees. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Federal
Judicial Center.
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of
the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute
of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for
their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
The development of the third edition of the
Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence
was sup-
ported by Contract No. B5727.R02 between the National Academy of Sciences and the
Carnegie Corporation of New York and a grant from the Starr Foundation. The views
expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of
the National Academies or the organizations that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-21421-6
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-21421-1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Reference manual on scientific evidence. — 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-309-21421-6 (pbk.)
ISBN-10: 0-309-21421-1 (pbk.)
1. Evidence, Expert—United States. I. Federal Judicial Center.
KF8961.R44 2011
347.73´67—dc23
2011031458
Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth
Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313
(in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2011 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
THE FEDERAL JUDICIAL CENTER
The Federal Judicial Center is the research and education agency of the federal judicial
system. It was established by Congress in 1967 (28 U.S.C. §§ 620–629), on the recom-
mendation of the Judicial Conference of the United States, with the mission to “further
the development and adoption of improved judicial administration in the courts of the
United States.” By statute, the Chief Justice of the United States chairs the Federal Judicial
Center’s Board, which also includes the director of the Administrative Office of the U.S.
Courts and seven judges elected by the Judicial Conference.
The Center undertakes empirical and exploratory research on federal judicial processes,
court management, and sentencing and its consequences, often at the request of the Judicial
Conference and its committees, the courts themselves, or other groups in the federal system.
In addition to orientation and continuing education programs for judges and court staff on
law and case management, the Center produces publications, videos, and online resources.
The Center provides leadership and management education for judges and court employees,
and other training as needed. Center research informs many of its educational efforts. The
Center also produces resources and materials on the history of the federal courts, and it
develops resources to assist in fostering effective judicial administration in other countries.
Since its founding, the Center has had nine directors. Judge Barbara J. Rothstein became
director of the Federal Judicial Center in 2003
www.fjc.gov
The
National Academy of Sciences
is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society
of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the
furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the
authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a man-
date that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters.
Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The
National Academy of Engineering
was established in 1964, under the charter
of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers.
It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with
the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.
The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at
meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of
Engineering.
The
Institute of Medicine
was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences
to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination
of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the
responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to
be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of
medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute
of Medicine.
The
National Research Council
was organized by the National Academy of Sciences
in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s
purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in
accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become
the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National
Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scien-
tific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies
and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and
vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org

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