Medieval Warfare Magazine 2021-08-09 Vol.XI Iss.03.pdf

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IN THIS ISSUE:
HOW SCOTLAND FOUGHT TO END NORWEGIAN INFLUENCE IN THE BRITISH ISLES (1230-1263)
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Medieval Warfare
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AUG / SEP 2021
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LARGS
Norway's invasion of Scotland
THE BATTLE OF TORO
This clash within a royal
family would lead to the
creation of modern Spain.
THE BATTLE OF
25274 80639
CHAUCER AT WAR
The military experiences that
may have shaped the work of
this famous English writer.
FINDING THE HOLY LAND
How medieval Christians
understood the location and
boundaries of the Holy Land.
JAPANESE CASTLES
Fortifications on these ancient
islands combine elegance
with sophisticated protection.
7
Medieval Warfare
magazine
Editor-in-chief: Jasper Oorthuys
Editor: Peter Konieczny
Assistant editor: Alice Sullivan
Proofreader: Naomi Munts
Design & media: Christy Beall
Design © 2020 Karwansaray Publishers
Contributors: Ruth R. Brown, Kate Buchanan,
Jonathan Fruoco, Javier García de Gabiola, M.G.
Haynes, Cécile Isabelle Khalifa, Vicky McAlister, R.
Andrew McDonald, Randall Moffett, Kay Smith, An-
gus A. Somerville, William E. Welsh, Emma Zürcher
Illustrators: Zvonimir Grbasic, Illya Kudryashov, Julia
Lillo, Angel García Pinto, Marek Szysko
Print: Grafi Advies
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THEME:
THE BATTLE OF LARGS
During the thirteenth century, Norway and Scotland vied for control of the
Hebrides. This would lead to a clash at Largs in 1263.
22
The (sea) road to Largs
26
King Alexander III of Scotland
28
The Battle of Largs
58
Further reading
FEATURES
8
The battle that made Spain
When both sides were defeated at Toro
40
The Mamluks and Cyprus
Conquering but not ruling
16
Lithuania's war master
Gediminas takes on the Teutonic Order
46
Deadly elegance
Development of the Japanese castle
36
The trauma of war
Geoffrey Chaucer in battle
50
Where was the Holy Land?
Crusader imaginings of the
Terra Sancta
DEPARTMENTS
4
Marginalia
Opinions and medieval news
44
The writhen-hilted sword
A superb and mysterious weapon
14
Array all the men
The 14th-century English militiaman
54
Know your castle
From machicolations to murder holes
8
36
THE BATTLE OF TORO
The key event during the War of the
Castilian Succession took place in 1476.
GEOFFREY CHAUCER AT WAR
How his writings reveal traumatic expe-
riences during the Hundred Years’ War.
Medieval Warfare XI-3
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CONTENTS
Marginalia
BY PETER KONIECZNY
Editorial
The Battle of Largs is certainly not one of the
most well-known battles from the Middle Ages,
but it is an important one. It would change the
borders within the British Isles and remove one
of the major players in the politics of the re-
gion. Even in the thirteenth century, the King-
dom of Norway was still very much involved
in the British Isles, but this battle would quickly
change that. It would also be instrumental in
helping define the nation of Scotland, which
would soon find itself in an even more massive
struggle with their southern neighbours.
To tell this story we have Andrew R.
McDonald and Angus Somerville, who have
collaborated on the history of the Vikings
and Norse peoples. They are joined by Kate
Buchanan, an expert on Scottish history.
They tell us about two kings – Alexander and
Hakon – and how their competing interests
would lead to a clash of arms in 1263.
Peter Konieczny
Editor,
Medieval Warfare
Walden Castle restored
Walden Castle is open to visitors for the
first time in decades following repair work
to save and stabilize this Norman-era keep.
Located in the English town of Saffron Wal-
den, this castle had received over £850,000
in funding for restoration work.
Urgent repair work was needed to stop
unpredictable falls of masonry and the loss
of important medieval fabric from the castle.
The flint-rubble walls of the castle keep have
now been stabilized and a soft capping has
been introduced to prevent further deteriora-
tion. New gates have been installed around
Excavated medieval foot
bones showing
hallux
valgus,
with lateral
deviation of the
great toe.
© Jenna Dittmar
/ University of
Cambridge
the historic structure and a new floor finish
laid within the ruins of the keep.
Visitors are now able to safely explore this
important landmark of Saffron Walden’s medi-
eval heritage. At night, a new lighting system
dramatically highlights the castle’s prominent
position on the historic town skyline.
Trudi Hughes, Heritage at Risk Surveyor
at Historic England – who has overseen the
progress of the repair and restoration project
for Historic England – said: “It has been a
real privilege to be involved in this project
which has resulted in the repair and repur-
Pointy shoes led to bunions
One of the odder fashion fads during the Mid-
dle Ages was the wearing of pointy shoes. A
new study suggests that the people who wore
this footwear would suffer from
hallux valgus
of the big toe – better known as bunions.
Hallux valgus
is a minor deformity in
which the largest toe becomes angled out-
ward and a bony protrusion forms at its base,
on the inside of the foot. While various fac-
tors can predispose someone to bunions,
from genetics to muscle imbalance, by far
the most common contemporary cause is
constrictive boots and shoes. The condition
is often associated with wearing high heels.
Archaeologists analysed 177 skeletons
from cemeteries in and around the English
city of Cambridge and found that only 6%
of individuals buried between the eleventh
and thirteenth centuries had evidence of the
affliction. However, 27% of those dating from
the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries had been
hobbled by longstanding
hallux valgus.
It was
during the fourteenth century that shoe styles
changed significantly, shifting from a functional
rounded toe box to a lengthy and more elegant
pointed tip. The research was published in the
International Journal of Paleopathology.
“The fourteenth century brought an
abundance of new styles of dress and foot-
wear in a wide range of fabrics and colours.
Among these fashion trends were pointed
long-toed shoes called poulaines,” said
study co-author Dr Piers Mitchell from the
University of Cambridge. “The remains of
shoes excavated in places like London and
Cambridge suggest that by the late four-
teenth century almost every type of shoe
was at least slightly pointed – a style com-
mon among both adults and children alike.
We investigated the changes that occurred
between the high and late medieval peri-
ods and realized that the increase in
hallux
valgus
over time must have been due to the
introduction of these new footwear styles.”
Sole of adult's shoe from late
fourteenth-century Cambridge,
showing a pointed shape.
x
4
©
Cambridge Archaeological Unit
Medieval Warfare XI-3
posing of Walden Castle to conserve im-
portant early medieval fabric and to allow
safe access to the interior of the keep. It is a
much-cherished part of the Walden skyline.
Part of the work has included updating the
archaeological record, which enhances our
understanding of what it is, what happened,
why, and when.”
The ruins visible on the site today would
have formed part of the basement and first sto-
rey of the once three-storey castle keep. Inside
are traces of a circular staircase, a well shaft,
and a fireplace. It was a tower keep, built on
the ground where the solid chalk bedrock
could take the weight of the masonry.
The keep is thought to have been built
in the late eleventh or early twelfth century,
with its earliest known reference from 1141,
when it was in the ownership of Geoffrey de
Mandeville II. In 1143, de Mandeville was
forced to surrender the castle to King Ste-
phen, but he regained its ownership in 1156,
only for the castle to be partly destroyed by
order of Henry II around 1158.
An aerial photograph of Walden Cas-
tle, showing repair work in progress.
© Uttlesford District Council
Who were the Anglo-Saxons?
Between the fifth and seventh centuries AD,
some Germanic peoples, most notably the
Angles and the Saxons, migrated from conti-
nental Europe to Britain. One major question
is, did this group largely replace the existing
Romano-British inhabitants, or did smaller
numbers of migrants settle and interact with
the locals, who then rapidly adopted the new
language and culture of the Anglo-Saxons?
A new study from archaeologists at the
University of Sydney and Simon Fraser Uni-
versity clearly indicates the Anglo-Saxons
were a melting-pot of people from both mi-
grant and local cultural groups and not one
homogenous group from Western Europe.
Professor Keith Dobney at the Universi-
ty of Sydney said the team’s results indicate
that “the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of early
medieval Britain were strikingly similar to
contemporary Britain – full of people of
different ancestries sharing a common lan-
guage and culture”.
Published in
PLOS ONE,
the study by
Professor Dobney at the University of Syd-
King Hakon IV of Norway sails to
the British Isles in 1263. It will
lead him to the Battle of Largs.
© Angel García Pinto
π
ON THE COVER
Medieval Warfare XI-3
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