2012 - EMCDDA - The State Of The Drugsproblem In Europe (Annual Report).pdf

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TH E STATE O F TH E DRU GS PRO BLEM IN EU RO PE
EN
ANNUAL
REPORT
2012
I S S N 16 0 9- 6150
THE STATE O F THE DRU GS PRO BLEM IN EU RO PE
ANNUAL
REPORT
2012
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This publication of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is protected by
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data contained in this document. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions
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This report is available in Bulgarian, Spanish, Czech, Danish, German, Estonian, Greek, English, French,
Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Hungarian, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Finnish,
Swedish and Norwegian. All translations were made by the Translation Centre for the Bodies of the
European Union.
Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2012
ISBN 978-92-9168-538-7
doi:10.2810/64775
© European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2012
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
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Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Introductory note
Commentary: Building on achievements, maintaining
momentum and responding to change — the challenge
for drug policy in Europe today
Chapter 1: Policies and laws
EU and international policy developments • National strategies •
Public expenditure • National legislation • Research
20
5
7
9
13
Chapter 2: Responding to drug problems
in Europe — an overview
Prevention • Treatment • Social reintegration • Harm reduction •
Quality standards • Drug law enforcement and offences
28
Chapter 3: Cannabis
Supply and availability • Prevalence and patterns of use •
Adverse health effects • Treatment
39
Chapter 4: Amphetamines, ecstasy, hallucinogens,
GHB and ketamine
Supply and availability • Prevalence and patterns of use •
Health consequences • Prevention in recreational settings • Treatment
49
Chapter 5: Cocaine and crack cocaine
Supply and availability • Prevalence and patterns of use •
Health consequences • Problem use • Treatment and harm reduction
60
Chapter 6: Opioid use and drug injection
Supply and availability • Problem use • Injecting drug use • Treatment
70
Chapter 7: Drug-related infectious diseases
and drug-related deaths
Infectious diseases • Responding to infectious diseases •
Deaths and mortality • Reducing deaths
79
Chapter 8: New drugs and emerging trends
Action on new drugs • Production and supply • Prevalence • Responses
89
95
References
3

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