Sensor Technologies Healthcare, Wellness and Environmental Applications - Michael J. McGrath, Cliodhna Ni Scanaill.pdf

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Contents at a Glance
About the Authors�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½
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About the Technical Reviewers �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½
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Acknowledgments �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½
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Foreword �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½
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Preface �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½
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Chapter 1: Introduction �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½1
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Chapter 2: Sensing and Sensor Fundamentals �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½15
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Chapter 3: Key Sensor Technology Components: Hardware and Software Overview �½�½�½�½�½�½51
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Chapter 4: Sensor Network Topologies and Design Considerations �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½79
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Chapter 5: Processing and Adding Vibrancy to Sensor Data �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½97
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Chapter 6: Regulations and Standards: Considerations for Sensor Technologies �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½115
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Chapter 7: The Data Economy of Biosensors �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½137
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Chapter 8: Sensor Deployments for Home and Community Settings�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½157
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Chapter 9: Body-Worn, Ambient, and Consumer Sensing for Health Applications �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½181
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Chapter 10: Wellness, Fitness, and Lifestyle Sensing Applications �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½217
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Chapter 11: Environmental Monitoring for Health and Wellness�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½249
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Chapter 12: Summary and Future Trends �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½283
Index �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½293
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Chapter 1
Introduction
For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for Nature cannot
be fooled.
—Richard P. Feynman, Physicist
We live in an age of relentless and accelerating change, driven by demographic, social, and economic evolution. Each
day, there are more of us consuming the finite natural resources of the planet. Our impact on the planet is increasing
through urbanization, energy utilization, waste production, and so on, and this impact is not without consequences.
Levels of pollution are increasing in our environment, with corresponding effects on our health and well-being. From
smog clouds in cities and pollution of our drinking water to simply being denied sufficient peace to sleep soundly
at night, human activity has enormous impact on us and on our planet. Major changes in the way we work and live
during the last century mean we are also living much more sedentary lifestyles. This has resulted in growing public
health issues, such as obesity, arteriosclerosis, cancer, chronic liver disease, and other lifestyle diseases. Increased
life expectancy places greater pressures on our healthcare systems as the world’s population continues to grow older.
Governments are being forced to cut programs such as home healthcare assistance to reduce burgeoning costs. The
current model simply does not scale into the future.
We also need to move our fundamental approach to healthcare from a reactive model to a wellness-oriented
model. Here, the focus is on keeping people healthy for as long as possible with the least cost to the system. Providing
people with actionable information about their health and the factors influencing it, either positively or negatively, is
important. Systems that provide easy access to data on exercise, diet, ambient environment, and so forth, along with
intelligent processing and presentation of the data, are critical to supporting sustainable behavior change. It is a world
full of challenges and in need of solutions to address key global issues. Technologies such as sensors can give us the
tools to help address many of the significant global challenges of the 21
st
century.
Sensors play an integral role in numerous modern industrial applications, including food processing and
everyday monitoring of activities such as transport, air quality, medical therapeutics, and many more. While sensors
have been with us for more than a century, modern sensors with integrated information and communications
technology (ICT) capabilities—smart
sensors—have
been around for little more than three decades. Remarkable
progress has been made in computational capabilities, storage, energy management, and a variety of form factors,
connectivity options, and software development environments. These advances have occurred in parallel to a
significant evolution in sensing capabilities. We have witnessed the emergence of biosensors that are now found in a
variety of consumer products, such as tests for pregnancy, cholesterol, allergies, and fertility.
The development and rapid commercialization of low-cost microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors,
such as 3D accelerometers, has led to their integration into a diverse range of devices extending from cars to
smartphones. Affordable semiconductor sensors have catalyzed new areas of ambient sensing platforms, such as
those for home air-quality monitoring. The diverse range of low-cost sensors fostered the emergence of pervasive
sensing. Sensors and sensor networks can now be worn or integrated into our living environment or even into our
clothing with minimal effect on our daily lives. Data from these sensors promises to support new proactive healthcare
paradigms with early detection of potential issues, for example, heart disease risk (elevated cholesterols levels) liver
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Chapter 1
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IntroduCtIon
disease (elevated bilirubin levels in urine), anemia (ferritin levels in blood) and so forth. Sensors are increasingly
used to monitor daily activities, such as exercise with instant access to our performance through smartphones.
The relationship between our well-being and our ambient environment is undergoing significant change. Sensor
technologies now empower ordinary citizens with information about air and water quality and other environmental
issues, such as noise pollution. Sharing and socializing this data online supports the evolving concepts of citizen-led
sensing. As people contribute their data online, crowdsourced maps of parameters such air quality over large
geographical areas can be generated and shared.
Although all these advances are noteworthy and contribute meaningfully and positively to many people’s lives,
a note of caution is also in order. As Richard Feynman points out, reality must take precedence over public relations.
Sensors should not be regarded as a panacea for all our problems. Instead, they should be treated as highly useful
tools. As always, the right tool is required for the right job and, like any complex tool, sensors and sensor systems
have their strengths and weaknesses. Careful matching of the sensor and its operational characteristics to the use
case of interest is critical. The data must be of the required accuracy with appropriate stability for the lifetime of the
required application. Highly sensitive and accurate sensors are generally more expensive, however, and therefore the
cost of the sensor should be weighed carefully against an application’s data quality requirement. Sensor technologies,
particularly wireless sensor networks (WSNs) (see Chapter 4), offer a wide variety of capabilities. However, they
can sometimes lack meaningful use cases grounded in real-world needs that have either a clear social or economic
benefit. These technologies do not have a meaningful value unless they address a problem of real interest in an
innovative manner, with performance equal or superior to existing solutions. Real and committed consumers of
the data must also exist. Finally, any discussion of the potential cost benefits of using sensors, particularly WSNs, is
usually relevant only after the necessary operational performance criteria for an application can be met.
Many challenges remain for sensor technologies, particularly in the consumer domain. However, we are
confident that the range of opportunities that are emerging will ensure rapid evolution of their capabilities to address
any gaps that currently exist. The 20th century heralded the wide-scale emergence of sensors based on a diverse range
of sensing approaches. The 21
st
will be the century of their application—driven by the convergence of sensing and ICT
that will influence many aspects of our lives, especially the domains discussed in this book.
What This Book Covers
In this book we explore a wide range of topics related to sensing, sensor systems, and applications for monitoring
health, wellness, and the environment. The book targets clinical and technical researchers, engineers, students, and
members of the general public who want to understand the current state of sensor applications in the highlighted
domains. The reader should gain a full awareness of the key challenges, both technical and non-technical, that need
to be addressed in the development of successful end-to-end sensor applications. We provide real-world examples
to give the reader practical insights into the successful development, deployment, and management of sensor
applications. The reader will also develop an understanding of the personal, social, and ethical impact of sensor
applications, now and in the future. The book provides an application-based approach to illustrate the application
of sensor technologies in a practical and experiential manner. It guides the reader from the formulation of the
research question, through the design and validation process, to the deployment and management phases of a sensor
application. The processes and examples used in the book are primarily based on research carried out by Intel or by
joint academic research programs.
The subject of sensing has grown enormously over the last 30 years. Therefore, we focus our treatment of
basic sensing principles primarily on the chosen application domains described in Chapter 2. Key topics include
electrochemical, optical biosensors, and MEMS sensor technologies. The influence of ICT technologies over the same
period has been significant and has fundamentally changed the way in which we use sensors in our lives. Chapter 3
deals with the key technologies that have influenced the evolution of the smart sensor and sensor systems. Chapter
4 covers the use of sensors from an architectural perspective. Architectures range from discrete sensors to wireless
sensor networks covering large geographic areas to the Internet of Things, in which vast numbers of sensors are
connected to the Internet contributing to the creation of “big data” We review the entire spectrum, from discrete
.
sensors that might be used by an individual to sensor networks that are deployed over wide geographical areas. We
also discuss the growing role of sensors in machine-to-machine applications.
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