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PARMA ENDORION:
Essays On Middle-earth
The Hunting Party I
Copyright © Anke Eissmann. Used by permission.
Electronic Book Edition
by Michael L. Martinez
layout and design by Matt Tinaglia
Parma Endorion
TABLE OF CONTENTS
i. Copyright .................................................................................................................................... 4
ii. Introduction to the First Edition (1996)..................................................................................... 5
Note on accuracy..................................................................................................................................................5
Stern Warning ......................................................................................................................................................5
iii. Introduction to the Second Edition (1998) ............................................................................... 6
iv. Introduction to the Third Edition (2001) ................................................................................... 8
Chapter 1: The Geography of Arda ............................................................................................... 9
The Continents Of Arda ........................................................................................................................... 9
Aman (The Undying Lands) ..............................................................................................................................10
Valinor...........................................................................................................................................................10
Eldamar .........................................................................................................................................................11
Araman..........................................................................................................................................................12
Avathar..........................................................................................................................................................13
Elenna (Numenor)..............................................................................................................................................13
The Mittalmar (Inlands) ................................................................................................................................14
The Orrostar (Northeast lands)......................................................................................................................14
The Forostar (North lands) ............................................................................................................................14
The Andustar (West lands)............................................................................................................................14
The Hyarnustar (Southwest lands) ................................................................................................................15
The Hyarrostar (Southeast lands) ..................................................................................................................15
Endor (The Middle Lands).................................................................................................................................15
Beleriand (Land of the Valar)........................................................................................................................15
Eriador (Land Between the Mountains) ........................................................................................................16
Rhovanion (Wilderland)................................................................................................................................17
Gondor (Land of Stone) ................................................................................................................................18
Near Harad (Near South)...............................................................................................................................18
Far Harad (Far South)....................................................................................................................................18
Mordor (Black Land) ....................................................................................................................................19
Rhun (the East)..............................................................................................................................................19
Hyarmenor (The Dark Lands) ............................................................................................................................20
Romenor (The Eastern Lands) ...........................................................................................................................20
Chapter 2: A Brief History of Arda ............................................................................................. 21
The Ainur ...........................................................................................................................................................21
The Quendi (Speakers, or Elves)........................................................................................................................24
The Naugrim (Dwarves) ....................................................................................................................................30
The Atani (Men).................................................................................................................................................31
Chapter 3: The Elven Peoples of Arda ........................................................................................ 32
The Avari ...........................................................................................................................................................32
The Silvan Elves ................................................................................................................................................33
The Sindar..........................................................................................................................................................34
The Noldor .........................................................................................................................................................35
The Falmari ........................................................................................................................................................37
The Vanyar.........................................................................................................................................................38
Chapter 4: The Men of Arda........................................................................................................ 39
The Edainic Peoples ............................................................................................................................... 39
The Edain of Beleriand ......................................................................................................................................39
The Edain of Numenor.......................................................................................................................................41
The Edain of Eriador..........................................................................................................................................41
The Edain of Rhovanion ....................................................................................................................................42
The Gwathuirim .................................................................................................................................................44
The Dunlendings ...........................................................................................................................................44
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Essays On Middle-earth
The Men of Bree ...........................................................................................................................................45
The Men of Dunharrow.................................................................................................................................45
The Men of Gondor............................................................................................................................................46
The Swarthy Men...............................................................................................................................................46
The Folk of Bor .............................................................................................................................................47
The Folk of Ulfang........................................................................................................................................47
Lorgan's Tribe ...............................................................................................................................................47
The Forodwaith ..................................................................................................................................................48
The Easterlings...................................................................................................................................................48
The First Easterlings Of The Third Age.............................................................................................................49
The Wainriders...................................................................................................................................................49
The Balchoth ......................................................................................................................................................50
Later Easterlings ................................................................................................................................................50
The Haradrim .....................................................................................................................................................51
Chapter 5: Orcs and Other Foul Things....................................................................................... 52
Orcs....................................................................................................................................................................52
What did Orcs look like?....................................................................................................................................52
Chapter 6: A Little Bit Of Hobbit Lore ....................................................................................... 60
Where did Hobbits come from? .........................................................................................................................60
What happened To Smeagol's people?...............................................................................................................62
How did Hobbits go to sea? ...............................................................................................................................63
Chapter 7: Things You Might Not Have Known About The Northmen ..................................... 64
The Anglo-Saxon Myth......................................................................................................................................64
Why did Tolkien use Old English to represent the language of Rohan?............................................................64
But what about "Beowulf?" Didn't Tolkien use material from the classic Anglo-Saxon poem? ......................66
Okay, but were The Rohirrim unlike the Anglo-Saxons in any Significant way? .............................................67
What About The Burial Mounds outside Edoras?..............................................................................................70
The Kingdom of Dale ........................................................................................................................................76
The Great King Bladorthin.................................................................................................................................78
Chapter 8: What Does An Elf Do In Aman? ............................................................................... 80
Chapter 9: What Does A Woodman Do All Day?....................................................................... 82
Chapter 10: Planning The Middle-earth Wedding....................................................................... 84
Rehearsals and Receptions.................................................................................................................................86
Chapter 11: The Wonders of Middle-earth.................................................................................. 87
Wonders of the First Age........................................................................................................................ 87
Menegroth ..........................................................................................................................................................87
Gondolin ............................................................................................................................................................89
Khazad-dum.......................................................................................................................................................90
Wonders of the Second Age ................................................................................................................... 94
The Statues of Dunharrow .................................................................................................................................94
Wonders of the Third Age ...................................................................................................................... 96
The Argonath .....................................................................................................................................................96
The Bridge of Osgiliath......................................................................................................................................99
The Twin Fortresses of Aglarond and Angrenost ............................................................................................100
Chapter 12: A Chronology For Tolkien's Four Ages................................................................. 103
Chapter 13: Sources Used For Research.................................................................................... 110
Appendix A: New Information .................................................................................................. 112
Orcs..................................................................................................................................................................112
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Parma Endorion
i. Copyright
Parma Endorion: Essays on Middle-earth, is Copyright © 1996, 1997 by Michael L. Martinez.
The 2nd edition is Copyright © 1998 by Michael L. Martinez. The 3rd edition is Copyright ©
2001 by Michael L. Martinez.
All rights reserved.
Artwork is Copyright © 1999, 2000, 2001 as follows:
The Hunting Party I
Copyright © Anke Eissmann. Used by permission.
Beren Recovers a Silmaril
Copyright © Anke Eissmann. Used by permission.
The Quest Fulfilled
Copyright © Anke Eissmann. Used by permission.
The Host of Nargothrond
Copyright © Anke Eissmann. Used by permission.
The Riders of Rohan
Copyright © Anke Eissmann. Used by permission.
Balin's Tomb
Copyright © Anke Eissmann. Used by permission.
Orc
Copyright © Rich Sullivan. Used by permission.
Luthien prepares her escape from Hirilorn
Copyright © Anke Eissmann. Used by permission.
For information about permission to reproduce selections from this work, send email to Michael
L. Martinez at Michael@xenite.org. Please indicate which passages you wish to use and for what
purpose.
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Essays On Middle-earth
ii. Introduction to the First Edition (1996)
There are several web sites that offer fairly standard information about J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-
earth. The essays you'll find here are intended to provide some insight into the histories and
cultures of Middle-earth. Each "page" is a chapter in the "Book of the Middle Lands". The essays
are written for your reading enjoyment. They contain some speculative remarks intended to point
the reader toward some possible conclusions. It is not my aim to "finish the creation" for
Professor Tolkien.
In working on a larger project I've come across a great deal of material that I'd like to share with
people. I decided to put it up on this web site rather than try and publish it in a traditional manner
because I have little hope of seeing it published (by me, at least).
Also, I've decided to have a little fun with this material. So be sure to take it with a grain of salt.
Note on accuracy
Christopher Tolkien has now published volume XII of THE HISTORY OF MIDDLE-EARTH.
I've read it and am in the process of updating my essays based on information in that book.
Wherever possible, to preserve Gwidon's sanity, I have tried to add new material rather than
revise the old. But some of the essays are indeed changed and the Polish version of PARMA
ENDORION may not match this one for some time.
There is indeed a historical analysis of the source materials for THE HOBBIT in preparation. I'm
looking forward to reading it with high hopes.
Stern Warning
I'm not here to do your homework for you. Anyone who's looking for a quick, cheap essay on
Tolkien should keep in mind that I write in a style that won't be mistaken for a student's 500-
word theme. If you are stupid and lazy enough to cheat, you'll probably get what you deserve
when you try to hand in this stuff.
Enjoy.
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