FOR 59 - Crusader Castles in Cyprus, Greece and the Aegean.pdf

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Crusader Castles in
Cyprus, Greece and
the Aegean
1191-1571
First published in 2007 by Osprey Publishing
Midland House, West Way, Botley, Oxford OX2 OPH, UK
443 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016, USA
E-mail: info@ospreypublishing.com
Dedication
For lan, Marian, Peter and Louise.
©
2007 Osprey Publishing Limited
All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study,
research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act, 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical,
optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission
of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be addressed to the Publishers.
ISBN 978 I 841769769
Design: Ken Vail Graphic Design, Cambridge, UK
Typeset in Monotype Gill Sans and ITC Stone Serif
Cartography: Map Studio, Romsey, UK
Index by Alison Worthington
Originated by United Graphics, Singapore
Printed in China through Bookbuilders
07 08 09 10 I I
I0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I
Artist's note
Readers may care to note that the original paintings from which
the colour plates in this book were prepared are available for
private sale. All reproduction copyright whatsoever is retained
by the Publishers. All enquiries should be addressed to:
Scorpio Gallery
PO Box 475
Hailsham
East Sussex
BN272SL
UK
The Publishers regret that they can enter into no correspondence
upon this matter.
The Fortress Study Group (FSG)
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
FOR A CATALOGUE OF ALL BOOKS PUBLISHED BY OSPREY MILITARY AND AVIATION
PLEASE CONTACT:
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The object of the FSG is to advance the education of the public
in the study of all aspects of fortifications and their armaments,
especially works constructed to mount or resist artillery. The FSG
holds an annual conference in September over a long weekend
with visits and evening lectures, an annual tour abroad lasting
about eight days, and an annual Members' Day.
The FSG journal
FORT
is published annually, and its newsletter
Casemate
is published three times a year. Membership is
international. For further details, please contact:
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Contents
Introduction
Chronology
Design and development
The principles of defence
Tour of the castles
Cyprus • Mainland Greece • The Aegean • The Black Sea
4
7
9
17
22
The living sites
The castles at war
Bases for offensive operations • Commercial outposts
Bases for defensive operations • The fortifications under attack
34
42
Aftermath
Visiting the fortifications today
Cyprus • Greece • Turkey • Ukraine
55
58
Further reading
Glossary
Index
61
63
64
Introduction
The fortifications erected, repaired or reused by the Crusader States in Cyprus
and around the Aegean have attracted less interest than those in and around
the Holy Land. While the military and political situations which they reflected
were also more complex than those in the Middle East, several of the states
established by so-called Crusaders in Cyprus and Greece survived much longer
than did the Crusader States on the Middle Eastern mainland. Others created in
what are now north-western Turkey, Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Albania proved
more ephemeral.
The Latin or Catholic Kingdom of Cyprus was established during the course
of the Third Crusade, as a consequence of King Richard of England's unprovoked
invasion of what was at the time a rebel-held Byzantine island. This was not the
first invasion of the Orthodox Christian Byzantine empire by a Catholic western
European army, but it was the first significant diversion of a major crusade that
had set out to attack Islamic territory. The Fourth Crusade, sometimes described
as 'The Great Betrayal', was the most famous such diversion, resulting in the
heartlands of the Byzantine empire being temporarily replaced by a Catholic
Christian or Latin 'Empire of Romania'. This, and its subsidiary Kingdom of
Thessalonika, was very short-lived, but two other subsidiary states in central and
southern Greece endured for centuries and left an architectural legacy in a land
better known for ancient Greek and Roman remains.
Equally important were the widespread colonial outposts planted by the two
greatest maritime republics of Italy on the coasts of what had been the Byzantine
empire. First came Venice, whose ships transported the Fourth Crusade to the
walls of the Byzantine capital of Constantinople, now named Istanbul. Next
came Venice's rival Genoa, largely as an ally of the Byzantines as they fought
back against the invading Crusaders. In fact the last western outposts to fall to
the Ottoman Turkish empire - which conquered the mosaic of Orthodox or
Catholic Christian and Islamic territories resulting from the Fourth Crusade -
were Genoese and Venetian.
Crusader and other
western European fortifications in
Greece and the Aegean (frontiers
c. 1360). Note that not all the High
and Late Medieval fortifications of
. Greece and Aegean Turkey appear
on this map. Medieval European
names, where known, are given
in brackets.
OPPOSITE PAGE
4
The embrasures in the
outer wall of the Crusader citadel
at Mistra loom above the later
Palace of the Byzantine Despots.
(Author's photograph)
RIGHT
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Crusader States in Greece
. . Venetian territory
Genoese territory
. . Hospitaller territory
Other Christian territory
Christian states under Ottoman suzereinty
Ottoman territory
Other Islamic territory
Fortifications held (currently and at other
periods) by Latin (Catholic) powers
100 miles
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24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
ID!!
la
40
41
42
43
44
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Agriosikia [Tilos]
Akova (Matagrifon)
Androusa
Argos (Argos)
Athens Acropolis (Sathines)
Beskapilar
[Fo~a]
(Phocaea)
Bodonitsa (Medietas Bondonicie)
Bodrum (Castrum Sancti Petri):
not built until the early 15th century
Candarli
Chalkis (Negroponte)
Chanea (Canea)
Chlemutzi (Clairmont, Castel Tornese)
Clarenza (Clarence)
Gardidki in the Morea (Gardiki)
Geraki (Geraki)
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Herakleion (Candia)
Kalamata (Kalamata)
Kalavryta (Tremola)
Karytaina (Karytaina)
Kelafa (probable location of Grand Magne)
Korinthos (Corinth)
Korone (Coron)
Kyparissa (Arkadia)
.
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
Lamia (Zeitoun, Ravennika)
Larissa (Larisa)
Lebadeia (Levadia)
Leuktron (Beaufort)
Lindos (Lindos)
Megalo Horia (Tilos)
Methymna (Molivos)
Meyisti (Kastellorizo)
Mistra (Mistras)
Modon (Methoni)
Monemvasia (Napoli di Malvasia)
Monolithos
Myrina Kastro (Lemnos)
Myteleni (Mitilini)
Nauphlia (Napoli di Romania)
NavarinoJPalaia
Avarino~
(Chastel u Port de June )
Neopatras (Lepater)
Pandeleimon (Platamon)
Passava (Passavant)
Patras (Patras)
Pontikocastra [Katakolo]
(Beauvoir, Belvedere)
Rhodos (Rhodes)
Salona
St George
Sykaminon
Thebes [castle ofj (Kadmeia)
Vardounia (perhaps Passavant)
Veligosti
Vostitza
Zarnata (perhaps Gerenia)

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