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DIY

Instruments

for Amateur

Space

Sandy Antunes

DIY Instruments for Amateur Space

by Sandy Antunes

Printed in the United States of America.

Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.

O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online

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mation, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or

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Editor:

Brian Jepson

Production Editor:

Rachel Steely

Proofreader:

Rachel Steely

Cover Designer:

Karen Montgomery

Interior Designer:

David Futato

Illustrator:

Rebecca Demarest

March 2013:

First Edition

Revision History for the First Edition:

2012-03-26: First release

See

http:/

/oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449310646

for release details.

Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trade-

marks of O’Reilly Media, Inc.

DIY Instruments for Amateur Space

and related trade dress are

trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc.

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products

are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Me-

dia, Inc., was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial

caps.

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and

author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the

use of the information contained herein.

ISBN: 978-1-449-31064-6

[LSI]

Contents

Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

1/Understanding Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Brainstorming.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2/Introduction to Instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Parameterizing a Mission.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Mission Domains.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Licensing.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Look at Past Missions.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3/By Wavelength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

The Spectrum.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Gamma and X-rays.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Ultraviolet.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Violet and Blue.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Cyan and Green.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Yellow and Orange.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Infrared.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Microwave, Submillimeter, and Radio.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

4/Fundamental Detector Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

The Eternal Fight: Resolution Versus Brightness.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Active Detectors.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Tradeoffs.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Imaging Detectors.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Mapping Coverage to Pixels.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Sampling and Bandwidth Calculations.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

5/Detectors and Instruments and Sensors, Oh My!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Attitude.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Passive Attitude Control.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Active Attitude Control.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Pointing Observations.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

iii

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