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THIRD EDITION

Python Cookbook

David Beazley and Brian K. Jones

Python Cookbook, Third Edition

by David Beazley and Brian K. Jones

Printed in the United States of America.

Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.

O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are

also available for most titles (http://my.safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/

institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or

corporate@oreilly.com.

Editors:

Meghan Blanchette and Rachel Roumeliotis

Production Editor:

Kristen Borg

Copyeditor:

Jasmine Kwityn

Proofreader:

BIM Proofreading Services

May 2013:

Third Edition

Indexer:

WordCo Indexing Services

Cover Designer:

Karen Montgomery

Interior Designer:

David Futato

Illustrator:

Robert Romano

Revision History for the Third Edition:

2013-05-08:

2014-03-07:

First release

Second release

See

http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449340377

for release details.

Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly

Media, Inc.

Python Cookbook,

the image of a springhaas, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly

Media, Inc.

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as

trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc., was aware of a trade‐

mark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps.

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors assume

no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained

herein.

ISBN: 978-1-449-34037-7

[LSI]

Table of Contents

Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

1. Data Structures and Algorithms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1. Unpacking a Sequence into Separate Variables

1.2. Unpacking Elements from Iterables of Arbitrary Length

1.3. Keeping the Last N Items

1.4. Finding the Largest or Smallest N Items

1.5. Implementing a Priority Queue

1.6. Mapping Keys to Multiple Values in a Dictionary

1.7. Keeping Dictionaries in Order

1.8. Calculating with Dictionaries

1.9. Finding Commonalities in Two Dictionaries

1.10. Removing Duplicates from a Sequence while Maintaining Order

1.11. Naming a Slice

1.12. Determining the Most Frequently Occurring Items in a Sequence

1.13. Sorting a List of Dictionaries by a Common Key

1.14. Sorting Objects Without Native Comparison Support

1.15. Grouping Records Together Based on a Field

1.16. Filtering Sequence Elements

1.17. Extracting a Subset of a Dictionary

1.18. Mapping Names to Sequence Elements

1.19. Transforming and Reducing Data at the Same Time

1.20. Combining Multiple Mappings into a Single Mapping

2.1. Splitting Strings on Any of Multiple Delimiters

2.2. Matching Text at the Start or End of a String

2.3. Matching Strings Using Shell Wildcard Patterns

2.4. Matching and Searching for Text Patterns

2. Strings and Text. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

iii

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