THE MONGOL CONQUESTS. THE MILITARY OPERATIONS OF GENGHIS KHAN AND SÜBE'ETEI.pdf

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The Mongol Conquests
The Military Operations of Genghis Khan and Sübe’etei
Carl Fredrik Sverdrup
Helion & Company Limited
Helion & Company Limited
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Published by Helion & Company 2017
Designed and typeset by Serena Jones
Cover designed by Paul Hewitt, Battlefield Design (www.battlefield-design.co.uk)
Printed by Gutenberg Press Limited, Tarxien, Malta
Text © Carl Fredrik Sverdrup 2016
Maps drawn by George Anderson © Helion & Company 2016
Cover: Defeat of the Iranians at the Battle of Ladan. Book of Kings (per 114, f. 38a), Chester Beatty Library
(Dublin)
Every reasonable effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the
use of copyright material. The author and publisher apologize for any errors or omissions in this work, and
would be grateful if notified of any corrections that should be incorporated in future reprints or editions
of this book.
ISBN 978-1-910777-71-8
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
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Contents
List of Maps
Preface
Introduction
A Note on Sources
The Environment: Nomads and Sedentary States
The Khitan War Machine
Part I: Genghis Khan
1
Temüjin
2
The Officers
3
The Mongol Army
Overview: Ally of To’oril, 1191 to 1202
4
The First Raid on the Merkits (Map 1)
5
The Victory of Jamuqa (Map 1)
6
The Defeat of the Tatars (Map 2)
7
Showdown with the Jürkins and the Restoration of To’oril (Map 3)
8.
Further Raids on the Merkits (Map 3)
9
War with the Naimans (Maps 4, 5)
10 Migrating to the Eastern Regions (Map 6)
11 Overcoming the Tribes in the East (Map 7)
12 Confrontation at Köyiten (Map 8)
Overview: Master of Mongolia, 1203 to 1208
13 To’oril’s Bid for Supremacy (Map 9)
14 The Showdown with the Naimans (Maps 10, 11, 18)
15 The Defeat of Buyiruq (Maps 4, 23)
16 The Conquest of Wulahai (Maps 11, 23)
17 Battle Along the Buqdurma (Map 4)
Overview: The Chinese Campaigns I, 1209 to 1215
18 Assault on Xia (Maps 11, 18)
19 The Road to Beijing (Map 12)
20 The Failed Siege of Datong (Map 13)
21 Into Central China (Map 13)
22 The Siege of Beijing (Map 13)
v
vi
viii
xiii
xviii
xxiii
25
27
32
36
42
44
47
50
54
57
59
64
67
71
75
76
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90
92
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96
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110
113
119
23 The Continued War Against Jin (Maps 11, 13, 21, 23)
24 Incidents at Home (Map 1)
Overview: The Great Western Expedition, 1219 to 1224
25 The defeat of Muhammad II (Map 14)
26 Khwarezm Crushed (Map 15)
27 Mopping-Up Operations (Map 15)
Part II: Sübe’etei
28 Sübe’etei
29 The Early Life of Sübe’etei
Overview: Circling the Caspian Sea, 1216 to 1224
30 Defeat of Qudu’s Merkits (Map 14)
31 The Hunt for Küclüg (Map 14)
32 Rendezvous on the Irghiz River (Map 14)
33 The Hunt for Muhammad II and Raid into Georgia (Map 16)
34 Across the Caucasus Mountains (Map 17)
35 And Quiet Flows the Don (Map 17)
36 Conflict Along the Volga (Map 17)
Overview: The Chinese Campaigns II, 1226 to 1234
37 The Destruction of the Xia State (Map 18)
38 Testing the Border Defences of Jin and Song (Map 18)
39 The Caspian Sea (Map 24)
40 Defeat in Daohui Valley (Map 19)
41 The Battle of Sanfeng (Maps 20, 21)
42 The Siege of Kaifeng (Map 22)
43 The End of Jin (Map 22)
44 Recovering Luoyang in the Year of Duanping (Map 23)
45 The Mongol Invasions of Korea
Overview: The European Campaigns, 1236 to 1246
46 Destruction of the Bulgar State (Map 23)
47 The Conquest of Russia (Map 23)
48 Securing the Plains Around the Black Sea (Maps 17, 23)
49 The Conquest of Chernigov (Map 23)
50 The Invasion of Hungary and Poland (Map 24)
51 Into the Heart of Europe? (Map 24)
52 The Mongol–Song War (Map 23)
53 Again Against the Song (Map 23)
54 Conclusions
Appendices
I
The Breakdown of the Mongol army
II
Battles of the Mongols and their Allies
Bibliography
Index
126
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