Osprey - Campaign 243 - The Fall of the Philippines 1941-1942.pdf

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THE FALL OF THE
PHILIPPINES
1941–42
CLAYTON CHUN
ILLUSTRATED BY HOWARD GERRARD
© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
CAMPAIGN • 243
THE FALL OF THE
PHILIPPINES
1941–42
CLAYTON CHUN
ILLUSTRATED BY HOWARD GERRARD
Series editor
Marcus Cowper
© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Japan and the United States: opposing powers in the Pacific
Japanese interests and motivations for war The Philippines: America’s Far Eastern outpost
5
CHRONOLOGY
OPPOSING COMMANDERS
US commanders
Japanese commanders
9
11
OPPOSING FORCES
US and Philippine Forces
Imperial Japanese Forces
Orders of battle
15
OPPOSING PLANS
Japan’s move to war
American defense of the Philippines
25
THE BATTLE FOR THE PHILIPPINES
33
Japanese air superiority and the bumbling nincompoops The Japanese invasion of Luzon
The Japanese strike south Defending northern Luzon The Lingayen Gulf landings
“WPO-3 is in Effect” The Japanese strike at Lamon Bay The retreat to Bataan
Bataan: the final refuge The Japanese break the Abucay and Mauban lines The Battle for the Points
Homma retreats north MacArthur’s last stand on Corregidor The final assault and fall of Bataan
The Bataan Death March Corregidor falls Southern Philippines operations Final surrender
AFTERMATH
THE BATTLEFIELDS TODAY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
88
93
94
95
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Aleutian Islands
USSR
SAKHALIN
Allied forces and positions
Planned Japanese defence perimeter
Planned Japanese offensives
OUTER MONGOLIA
Kurile
Islands
MANCHURIA
(MANCHUKUO)
International
Date Line
Sea of Japan
KOREA
JAPAN
CHINA
TIBET
East
China
Sea
Midway
Okinawa
Bonin Islands
Iwo Jima Volcano Islands
Southern Army
14th Army to Philippines
15th Army to Thailand
16th Army to Netherlands East Indies
25th Army to Malaya
Ryuku Islands
FORMOSA
INDIA
PHILIPPINES
Marianas Islands
Wake Island
Japanese plans for Pacific Area operations
BURMA
US Pacific Fleet
Hawaiian Department
Johnston Island
Hawaiian Islands
THAILAND FRENCH
(SIAM) INDO-
PACIFIC OCEAN
Guam
US Army Forces Far East
Asiatic Fleet
Mindanao
Palau
Islands
Caroline Islands
Marshall
Islands
CHINA
South
China
Sea
Palmyra
Christmas Island
Gilbert
Islands
Equator
MALAYA
© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
CELEBES
NEW GUINEA
Ellice Islands
Santa
Cruz
Islands
Australian
Forces
Far East Army
BORNEO
SUMATRA
JAVA
Netherlands East Indies Army
Coral Sea
New Hebrides
New Caledonia
Fiji Islands
Tahiti
INDIAN OCEAN
AUSTRALIA
International
Date Line
INTRODUCTION
The Japanese conquest of the Philippines was one of largest losses for the
United States early in World War II. The Pearl Harbor attack frequently
overshadows the campaign in the Philippines archipelago that started on
December 8, 1941 and lasted six months. Perhaps due to the sudden, massive
Japanese aircraft carrier strike, in the minds of many the Pearl Harbor attack
became a more devastating military event than the seizure of the Philippines.
Both Hawaii and the Philippines were under American control, one a territory
and the other a commonwealth. The Pacific Fleet had suffered major losses
and the Hawaiian Air Force had its airfields ravaged by Japanese aircraft.
In the Philippines, the Japanese invaded and took control of the land and its
people. An American Army division was lost, the Asiatic Fleet retreated out
of the Philippines, and the bomber and fighter force were destroyed. In terms
of casualties and scope of combat, the Philippines represented a much larger
defeat. Still, the dogged American-Filipino defense of the islands provided a
flicker of light in the darkest days for Washington in World War II.
JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES:
OPPOSING POWERS IN THE PACIFIC
Imperial Japan entered the 20th century with a great demonstration of its
budding national power. Much of that national power centered on its
expanding military capability. Japan had participated in quelling the 1900–
This Japanese depiction of the
Pearl Harbor attack illustrates
the meticulous planning and
operational capability that
Tokyo used to conduct near-
simultaneous operations
throughout the Pacific. The
Japanese hoped to destroy the
US Pacific Fleet. (US Army)
5
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