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THE LITURGY OF FUNERARY OFFERINGS
by E. A. WALLIS BUDGE
[1909]
Contents Start Reading
This book has text and analysis of a key Egyptian ritual which was performed when preparing the corpse
of a pharaoh for mummification. This is known as the "Book of the Opening of the Mouth". The ritual
consisted of offering a long sequence of foodstuffs, beverages, cosmetics and other consumables, along
with a litany recited by the priests. This text was also painted on the walls of the royal tomb. This
recitation may be tedious and repetitous, but there is a reason that I've gone to the trouble of creating an
etext of this book. Although Budge doesn't emphasize this, this text comprises an important part of the
'Pyramid Texts', of which only portions are available in public domain English translation.
Title Page
Preface
Contents
List of Illustrations
Chapter I: The Doctrine of Offerings
Chapter II: The Liturgy of Funerary Offerings Described
Purification Ceremonies
The First Ceremony
The Second Ceremony
The Third Ceremony
The Fourth Ceremony
The Fifth Ceremony
The Sixth Ceremony
Chapter III: Description of the Offerings
The Seventh Ceremony
The Eighth Ceremony
The Ninth Ceremony
The Tenth Ceremony
The Eleventh Ceremony
The Twelfth Ceremony
The Thirteenth Ceremony
The Fourteenth Ceremony
The Fifteenth Ceremony
The Sixteenth Ceremony
The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Ceremonies
The Nineteenth Ceremony
The Twentieth Ceremony
The Twenty-first Ceremony
The Twenty-second Ceremony
The Twenty-third Ceremony
The Twenty-fourth Ceremony
The Twenty-fifth Ceremony
The Twenty-sixth Ceremony
The Twenty-seventh Ceremony
The Twenty-eighth To Thirty-fourth Ceremonies
The Thirty-fifth Ceremony
The Thirty-sixth Ceremony
The Thirty-seventh Ceremony
The Thirty-eighth Ceremony
Chapter IV
The Liturgy Described
The Thirty-ninth Ceremony
The Fortieth Ceremony
The Forty-first Ceremony
The Forty-second Ceremony
The Forty-third Ceremony
The Forty-fourth Ceremony
The Forty-fifth Ceremony
The Forty-sixth Ceremony
The Forty-seventh Ceremony
The Forty-eighth Ceremony
The Forty-ninth Ceremony
The Fiftieth Ceremony
The Fifty-first Ceremony
The Fifty-second Ceremony
The Fifty-third Ceremony
The Fifty-fourth Ceremony
The Fifty-fifth Ceremony
The Fifty-sixth Ceremony
The Fifty-seventh Ceremony
The Fifty-eighth Ceremony
The Fifty-ninth Ceremony
The Sixtieth Ceremony
The Sixty-first Ceremony
The Sixty-second Ceremony
The Sixty-third Ceremony
The Sixty-fourth Ceremony
The Sixty-fifth Ceremony
The Sixty-sixth Ceremony
The Sixty-seventh Ceremony
The Sixty-eighth Ceremony
The Sixty-ninth Ceremony
The Seventieth Ceremony
The Seventy-first Ceremony
The Seventy-second Ceremony
The Seventy-third Ceremony
The Seventy-fourth Ceremony
The Seventy-fifth Ceremony
The Seventy-sixth Ceremony
The Seventy-seventh Ceremony
The Seventy-eighth Ceremony
The Seventy-ninth Ceremony
The Eightieth Ceremony
The Eighty-first Ceremony
The Eighty-second Ceremony
The Eighty-third Ceremony
The Eighty-fourth Ceremony
The Eighty-fifth Ceremony
The Eighty-sixth Ceremony
The Eighty-seventh Ceremony
The Eighty-eighth Ceremony
The Eighty-ninth Ceremony
The Ninetieth Ceremony
The Ninety-first Ceremony
The Ninety-second Ceremony
The Ninety-third Ceremony
The Ninety-fourth Ceremony
The Ninety-fifth Ceremony
The Ninety-sixth Ceremony
The Ninety-seventh Ceremony
The Ninety-eighth Ceremony
The Ninety-ninth Ceremony
The One Hundredth Ceremony
The One Hundred and First Ceremony
The One Hundred and Second Ceremony
The One Hundred and Third Ceremony
The One Hundred and Fourth Ceremony
The One Hundred and Fifth Ceremony
The One Hundred and Sixth Ceremony
The One Hundred and Seventh Ceremony
The One Hundred and Eighth Ceremony
The One Hundred and Ninth Ceremony
The One Hundred and Tenth Ceremony
The One Hundred and Eleventh Ceremony
The One Hundred and Twelfth Ceremony
The One Hundred and Thirteenth Ceremony
The One Hundred and Fourteenth Ceremony
THE LITURGY OF FUNERARY OFFERINGS
I. From the Pyramid of Unas
II. From The Tomb Of Peta-Amen-Ap.
Index Next
THE LITURGY OF FUNERARY OFFERINGS
THE EGYPTIAN TEXTS WITH ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS
by E. A. WALLIS BUDGE
London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd.
[1909]
Scanned at sacred-texts.com, May 2003, J.B. Hare, redactor. This text is in the public domain. These files may be
used for any non-commercial purpose, provided this notice of attribution is left intact.
TO
THE EARL PERCY
I DEDICATE THESE LITTLE VOLUMES
ON THE
LITURGY OF FUNERARY OFFERINGS
AND THE
BOOK OF OPENING THE MOUTH
.
Next: Preface
Index Previous Next
p. vii
PREFACE
THE present volume contains the Egyptian text and English translations of two copies of one of the
most, important documents connected with the dead which have come down to us, namely, a detailed list
of the offerings which were made to the dead, and also of the consecrating formulae which were recited
by the chief officiating priest, as he presented them to a mummified body, or to a statue of the deceased.
The ancient title of the composition, if it ever had one in early days, is unknown to us, but it has been
called the "Liturgy of Funerary Offerings," because the document deals exclusively with the presentation
of offerings to the dead, and because this title is convenient for reference.
This Liturgy is associated in the funerary texts in the tombs and papyri with another work entitled the
"Book of Opening the Mouth" and this fact suggests that it is a portion of or a supplement to it, and that
it is a development of the canonical List of Offerings which we have reason to believe was in existence
under the IIIrd or IVth Dynasty. We know that funerary chapels were attached to the. pyramids and
mastaba tombs of this period, and that offerings of meat and drink were made in them to the dead daily
p. viii
by properly qualified priests. It follows as a matter of course that the proceedings of the priests were
regulated by some system, and that some kind of written service must have been recited regularly, and
we are justified in believing that the Liturgy of Funerary Offerings was that which was commonly said
for kings and other royal personages, and for men of high civil and ecclesiastical rank.
In the case of the "Book of Opening the Mouth" the object of the recital was, in the earliest times at
least, to bring about the reconstitution and resurrection of the dead man, and even in later times, when
the work was recited before a statue, on which the accompanying ceremonies were performed, the idea
of the Egyptians on this matter remained unchanged. It must be remembered also that the Egyptians
intended by means of ceremonies and formulae to bring back the Ka, or double, either to the dead man,
from whom it had been temporarily separated, or to a statue which represented him; and when this had
been done they believed it to be their bounden duty to provide meat and drink for its maintenance. It was
the Ka and the heart-soul (Ba), not the spirit-soul (Khu), which fed upon the offerings, and if meat and
drink of a suitable character, and in sufficient quantity, were not provided for them, these suffered from
hunger and thirst, and if the supply of offerings failed, they perished by starvation. The texts make it
quite clear that the Egyptians believed in a dual-soul; one member could not die, but
p. ix
the other only lived as long as it was fed with offerings by the living and provided with an abode, i.e., a
statue. Offerings were brought to the funerary chapels and tombs daily, and additional gifts were
presented on the days of all great festivals.
In very primitive times offerings of meat and drink were brought to the graves, and laid there for the
souls of the dead to partake of at pleasure, just as is the case at the present day in -many places in the
Sudan. When the ceremonies connected with the Book of Opening the Mouth were evolved, it became
customary for the offerings to be brought forward at a certain place in the service, and afterwards, little
by little, the canonical List of Offerings, and its later development, the Liturgy of Funerary Offerings,
came into being.
As in the Book of Opening the Mouth the words spoken by the Kher-heb, or chief officiating priest,

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