Dig_History_-_March_2017.pdf

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MARRY HIM!
Pg 2
|
GRANADA FALLS
Pg 14
™
Tour the
Alhambra
Pg 18
INTO HISTORY
Into the Deep
with Robots
Pg 54
Isabel I
of Castile
FEATURES
4
14
18
28
33
EAGLE EYE
We have hidden 4 eyes
like the one above in this
month’s DIG issue (print
and digital editions). See
each—but, while you are
looking, check out the
articles in this issue.
And, don’t take a peek at
the answers on page 40
until you have found all
four eagle eyes!
2
Marry Him!
by Theresa Earenfight
10
Auto-de-Fe
by Barbara F. Weissberger
24
Her Will
by Theresa Earenfight
4
Not All Was
Bliss!
by Barbara F. Weissberger
14
Granada Falls
by David Coleman
28
The Alhambra
by Maria Judith Feliciano
6
Determined to
Succeed
by Charles Beem
18
To the East!
by Cristina Giardiola-Griffiths
33
Andalusian
Queens
by Tom Verde
22
Love + Family
by Charles B
DEPARTMENTS
1 Five Facts/Map: Iberian
Peninsula in 1400s
5 Map: From Spain to the
Gulf of Guinea
9 The
Calliope
Chronicles
26 Fun With Words
36 Interestingly… The Queen’s Grammar
by Sarah Novak
37 What’s Wrong Here?
38 Ask Away!
40 This & That
41 Off the Shelf/On the Net
illustration by
Tim Oliphant
LET’S GO
43 Diving into the Past
by Toni Carell
-GING
Musings
44 A Search That Continues
47 NOAA and Shipwrecks
by James P. Delgado
When one door closes, fortune
usually will open another.
—Spanish author Fernando de Rojas,
contemporary of Isabel I
48 A Find!
by James P. Delgado
52 The Colors of Sound
by Vitad Pradith
Check out our
online teacher’s guides
at
53 In the Headlines: Views of an
Antique Land
54 Into the Deep with Robots
by Matthew Lawrence
WWW.CRICKETMEDIA.COM/
TEACHER-RESOURCES/
LIKE US ON FACEBOOK
www.facebook.com/
cricketmedia
A PARENTS’ CHOICE
Gold Award Winner 2009
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Gold Award Winner 2014
2012 Teacher’s Choice Award winner
George Washington Honor Medal
Award Winner
56
The Adventures of Dr. Dig
57 Artifacts—San
Pedro
Indexed and/or Abstracted in: Children’s Magazine Guide, Primary Search and Middle Search, Readers’ Guide for Young People,
Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature, Vertical File Index, and at www.cricketmedia.com
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Editorial office, 70 E. Lake Street, Suite 800, Chicago, IL 60601. March 2017, Volume 19, Number 3, © 2017, Carus Publishing dba Cricket Media. All rights reserved, including right of reproduction in whole
or in part, in any form. For information regarding our privacy policy and compliance with the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, please visit our website at cricketmedia.com or write to us at CMG
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Printed in the United States of America.
1st printing Quad/Graphics Midland, Michigan February 2017
From time to time,
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Iberian Peninsula
1
2
3
4
5
NOTE: In this issue on Isabel I,
we are using the
abbreviations
(Before
the Common Era) and
(Common Era) and not
and
Used presently
worldwide,
and
have
5 Surprising
Spain Facts
You don’t have to sing Spain’s national
anthem—it has no official words!
In 2013, Spain was ranked as the third
most visited country in the world.
FRANCE
Spain is the second largest country in
western Europe, and the largest
country in southern Europe.
In Spain, when the clock chimes 12
times at midnight on New Year’s Eve,
people throughout the country follow the
tradition of eating one grape for each
chime—all for luck!
In Spain, people generally have two
last names; the first is their father’s,
and the second is their mother’s.
Pamplona
Valladolid
Tordesillas
KINGDOM OF ARAGON
Saragossa
KINGDOM OF PORTUGAL
Salamanca
Segovia
Madrid
Toledo
Valencia
KINGDOM OF CASTILE AND LEON
About the cover:
Determination marked Isabel I’s personality, as you can see in this
21st-century illustration. The scene combines some of the key events during Isabel’s reign:
her rule as queen in her own right, with the sword of justice borne before her; her
establishment of an Inquisition, implemented by Roman Catholic clergy; and her quest for
more lands and a faster route to the East. (illustration by Bob Berry)
PICTURE CREDITS: Peteri/Shutterstock.com: 1; Bananaboy/Shutterstock.com: 1 (globe); Album/Art Resource, NY: 2–3, 4; Yuliya
Pdolinnova/Shutterstock.com: 2–3 (flowers); Classic VisionCollection/agefotostock.com: 6; Samira Dragonfly/Shutterstock.com:
6–7 (background); Ken Welsh/Alamy Stock Photo: 7; Alberto Paredes/Alamy Stock Photo: 8; Heritage Image Partnership Ltd/
Alamy Stock Photo: 10–11; lem/Shutterstock.com: 10–11 (background), 12–13 (background); Photo © Tarker/Bridgeman Images:
12, 18; Heritage Image/agefotostock.com: 12–13; Lebrecht Music and Arts Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo: 14–15; Pictures
from History/Bridgeman Images: 16; De Agostini Picture Library/G. Dagli Orti/Bridgeman Images: 16–17, 17; © Ivy Close Images
www.ivycloseimages.com): 19, 21; DEA/G DAGLI ORTICollection: De Agostini Editore/agefotostock.com: 20; Morphart Creation/
Shutterstock.com /Shutterstock.com: 22; © of the image Museo Nacional del Prado/Art Resource, NY: 24–25; andrea cerri ferrari/
Shutterstock.com: 28–29; Rolf E. Staerk/Shutterstock.com: 30 (top left); Renata Sedmakova /Shutterstock.com: 30 (bottom left);
Martchan/Shutterstock.com: 30–31; ribeiraantonio/Shutterstock.com: 32; PRISMO ARCHIVO/Alamy Stock Photo: 36; rook76/
Shutterstock.com: 37; Baranovska Oksana/Shutterstock.com: 37 (background); Artindo/Shutterstock.com: 44; lady-luck/
Shutterstock.com: 44 (shipwrecks in map); © Ships of Discovery: 44–45, 45 (both), 46 (photo and background); courtesy NOAA
Okeanos Explorer Program: 47; NOAA: 48–49, 52 (bottom, all); OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP); Woods Hole
Oceanographic Inst.: 50 (top); © Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: 50 (bottom), 51; © Paul T. Nicholson: 52 (all); NOAA/
OER: 54; NOAA, Boeing, and Coda Octopus/ National Archives and Records Administration: 55 (top left); NOAA, NURTEC-UConn,
and NUWC-Newport: 55 (top right); NOAA and NURTEC-UConn: 55 (bottom); © Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research: 57; Liszt
Collection Heritage Images/Newscom: back cover (left); inga spence/Alamy Stock Photo: back cover (right). Cricket Media has
made every effort to trace the copyrights of these images.
Cordova
Seville
Granada
KINGDOM OF GRANADA
Strait of Gibraltar
NORTH AFRICA
CONSULTING EDITORS
Charles Beem
, professor of history, University of North Carolina, Pembroke;
Toni Carrell
,
maritime archaeologist;
David Coleman
, a professor of history and the director of the Honors
Program, Eastern Kentucky University;
James P. Delgado
,
maritime archaeologist;
Theresa
Earenfight
, professor of history, Seattle University;
Maria Judith Feliciano
, specialist in
the art and architecture of Islamic Spain;
Cristina Giardiola-Griffiths
, associate professor
in Medieval Literature, University of Delaware;
Matthew Lawrence
, archaeologist with the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries;
Vitad
Pradith
, active hydrographer;
Della Scott-Ireton
, associate director, Florida Public
Archaeology Network;
Barbara F. Weissberger
, emerita professor in the Department of
Spanish and Portuguese Studies, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
STAFF:
Rosalie F. Baker
Editor,
Nicole Welch
Art Director,
Patrick Murray
Designer,
James M. O’Connor
Director of Editorial,
Christine Voboril
Permissions Specialist,
Stephen L. Thompson
Copy
Editor,
Patricia Silvestro
Proofreader;
EDITORIAL CONSULTANT:
Naomi Pasachoff:
Research Associate, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts;
ADVISORY BOARD:
Paul G. Bahn:
Archaeologist
and Author;
Nancy S. Bernard:
Archaeologist;
Diane L. Brooks, Ed.D.:
Director (retired), Curriculum Frameworks and Instructional Resources Office, California Department of Education;
Vaughn M. Bryant:
Director, Palynology Laboratory in Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University;
Ken Burns:
Florentine Films;
Ross E. Dunn:
Professor of History, San Diego State University;
Peter Feinman:
Director,
Institute of History, Anthropology and Education;
Richard A. Gould:
Chairman and Professor, Department of Anthropology, Brown University;
Gordon Grimwade:
Archaeologist and Writer, Australia;
A.
Gwynn Henderson:
Kentucky Archaeological Society;
Donald James Johnson:
Professor Emeritus, New York University;
Jean Elliott Johnson:
Teacher and Director (Retired) of the Asia Society’s TeachAsia Project;
Martha S.
Joukowsky:
Professor Emerita, Brown University, Department of Anthropology Center for Old World Archaeology and Art; Director, Brown University Petra ‘Great’ Temple Excavations;
Richard A. Lobban, Jr.:
Archaeologist and Executive
Director Sudan Studies Association;
Elena Miklashevich:
Kemerovo State University, Russia;
Robert B. Pickering:
Director of Curatorial Affairs and Public Programs, Gilcrease Museum, and Director, Museum Science and Management,
University of Tulsa;
Margarete Pruech:
Art historian, Archaeologist, and Lecturer in East Asian Art;
Joseph M. Pucci:
Associate Professor of Classics, Medieval Studies, and Comparative Literature, Brown University;
Heidi Roupp:
Past
President, World History Association;
Shirley J. Schermer:
Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa;
KC Smith:
Museum of Florida History;
Sandra Stotsky:
Professor of Education Reform, 21st Century Chair in Teacher
Quality, University of Arkansas;
Elizabeth ten Grotenhuis:
Professor Emerita, Boston University, and Head of Birches School in Lincoln, Massachusetts
MARRY H
by Theresa Earenfight
T
he year was 1469, and the 18-year-old
Castilian Princess Isabel (also spelled
Isabella) was struggling with an
important question: Whom should
she marry? Marriage is a big decision for any young
woman, but for Isabel it was more than personal.
She was heir to the throne of Castile, so her
decision would affect the entire realm.
The ‘Right’ Man
Isabel had always been expected to wed a
powerful man, perhaps a prince or a duke. Her
brother Alfonso’s death in 1468, however, had
changed everything. Her half-brother, King
Enrique IV (also spelled Henry IV), had hoped for
a son to inherit and rule his kingdom, but his wife
had a girl, Juana, and he was not the father. For
this reason, Isabel’s claim to the throne was
stronger than Juana’s. Well aware of this fact,
Enrique was determined to make sure that Isabel
married the “right” man. He had to be someone
strong and intelligent, someone who would rule
with Isabel, not dominate her. The question
remained: Who was there who was single, royal,
and suitable to be the spouse of a young princess
and heir-apparent?
Enrique and his advisers searched the kingdom
for possible grooms. Fernando, prince of Navarre,
was proposed, but Isabel said no. Enrique also
suggested his widowed brother-in-law, the very old
king of Portugal. He thought such an alliance
would make Castile stronger. But Isabel had a
2
mind of her own and flatly refused. Frustrated by
his sister’s strong will and the threat of civil war,
as the nobles took sides for Isabel or Juana,
Enrique suggested that she marry a much older
and very rich nobleman from Castile, Pedro
Giron. Isabel was appalled at the thought of
marrying someone older and just for money or
politics. Once again, she refused. Enrique begged
her to meet him, and, reluctantly, she agreed. But
fate stepped in, and, before they could meet,
Pedro died.
Her Choice!
Soon after, war between forces supporting Juana
and Isabel broke out. For the sake of peace,
Enrique named Isabel his heir. Suddenly, she was
an even more desirable bride. Plenty of men—
including the kings of England, France, and
HIM!
Portugal—put forward candidates. Once again,
Isabel carefully considered these prospects, but
said no to each one. She had her own idea of who
would be a suitable husband. She had looked
eastward, to her second cousin, Fernando (also
spelled Ferdinand), the heir to the crown of
Aragon, and thought such a match would be best
for her. Isabel had never met him and did not
even know what he looked like, but she had heard
good comments about him from her advisors. He
was young, only a year younger than she was,
and he was a soldier and an athlete. So, Isabel
began secret negotiations with Fernando’s father,
King Juan II.
On October 18, 1469, Isabel and Fernando were
formally betrothed and received a
dispensation
Wedding bells ring as
Isabel (center left)
marries Ferdinand (in
blue at right) in Vivero
Palace in Valladolid.
to marry
from Pope Pius II. Isabel knew that
her actions were risky, but the marriage made so
much sense to her that, to avoid any objections
or confrontations, she did something
extraordinary. She prepared to elope. Her plan
was simple. Following the betrothal, she left the
royal court, saying that she was on her way to
visit the tomb of her brother Alfonso. Fernando,
disguised as a servant, crossed Castile secretly
and met Isabel in Valladolid. It was love at first
sight, and, on October 19, 1469, they married
amid joyful celebrations and fireworks.
Theresa Earenfight,
a professor of history at Seattle University
and author of a number of books on medieval queens in Spain, is
currently working on a book about Catherine of Aragon, the first
queen of Henry VIII of England.
Dispensation to marry,
in this case, meant that the Pope, as the head of the Catholic Church to which
both Isabel and Ferdinand belonged, formally decreed that the two could marry even though Church
laws forbid marriage between second cousins.
3

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