AP-113_Getting_Started_With_the_Numeric_Data_Processor_Feb81.pdf

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APPLICATION

NOTE

Ap·113

February 1981

Intel Corporation makes no warranty for the use of its products and assumes no responsibility for any errors which may

appear in this document nor does it make a commitment to update the information contained herein.

Intel software products are copyrighted by and shall remain the property of Intel Corporation. Use, duplication or

disclosure is subjectto restrictions stated in Intel's software license, or as defined in ASPR 7-104.9 (a) (9). Intel Corporation

a!=;sumes no resDonsibilitv for the use of anv circuitry other than circuitry embodied in an Intel product. No other circuit

patent licenses are implied.

No part of this document may be copied or reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior written consent of

Intel Corporation.

The following are trademarks of Intel Corporation and may only be used to identify Intel products:

BXP

CREDIT

ICE

ICS

Insite

Intel

Intelevision

Intellec

iSBC

iSBX

Library Manager

MCS

Megachassis

Micromap

MULTIBUS*

MULTIMODULE

Plug-A-Bubble

PROMPT

Promware

RMX

UPI

~Scope

System 2000

and the combinations of ICE, iCS, iSBC, MCS or RMX and a numerical suffix.

MDS is an ordering code only and is not used as a product name or trademark. MDS® is a registered trademark of Mohawk

Data Sciences Corporation.

*MULTIBUS is a patented Intel bus.

Additional copies of this manual or other Intel literature may be obtained from:

Intel Corporation

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INTEL CORPORATION, 1981

AFN-013008-1

Ap·113

Getting Started With

the Numeric Data

Processor

Contents

INTRODUCTION

iAPX

86,88

Base ..............................

Nomenclature ...............................

N PX Overview ...............................

8087

Emulator Overview .......................

iSBC

337

Overview ............................

CONSTRUCTING AN iAPX 86

OR iAPX 88 NUMERICS SYSTEM

Wiring up the

8087 ............................ 5

What is the iAPX

86,88

Coprocessor interface? .....................

8087

Coprocessor Operation ..................

RQ/GT Connection ..........................

iAPX

86/20, 88/20

............................

iAPX

86/21, 88/21

............................

iAPX

86/22, 88/22

............................

8087

INT Connection .........................

GETTING STARTED IN SOFTWARE

How to Initialize the NPX .....................

Concurrency Overview ........................

Instruction Synchronization ................... 21

Data Synchronization ........................

Error Synchronization ........................

Deadlock ..................................

Synchronization and the Emulator ..............

Special Control Instructions of the NPX .........

PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES

Using Numeric Registers and Instructions .......

NPX Register Usage .........................

Programming Conventions ....................

PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES

Appendix

Overview

........................

LITERATURE REFERENCE

Title

The

8086

Family User's Manual ...................................... .

The

8086

User's Manual Numerics Supplement ......................... .

Stock No.

205885

205993

Cost

7.50

2.00

3065

Bowers Avenue

SV 3-3

Santa Clara, CA

95051

(408) 734-8102,

Ext.

598

Intel Corporation Assumes no responsiblity for the use of any circuitry embodied in an Intel product. No other circuit patent licenses are implied.

iii

Ap·113

INTRODUCTION

This is an application note on using numerics in Intel's

iAPX 86 or iAPX 88 microprocessor family. The nu-

merics implemented in the family provide instruction

level support for high-precision integer and floating

point data types with arithmetic operations like add,

subtract, multiply, divide, square root, power, log and

trigonometrics. These features are provided by members

of the iAPX 86 or iAPX 88 family called numeric data

processors.

Rather than concentrate on a narrow, specific applica-

tion, the topics covered in this application note were

chosen for generality across many applications. The

goal is to provide sufficient background information so

that software and hardware engineers can quickly move

beyond needs specific to the numeric data processor and

concentrate on the special needs of their application.

The material is structured to allow quick identification

of relevant material without reading all the material

leading up to that point. Everyone should read the in-

troduction to establish terminology and a basic

background.

iAPX 86,88 BASE

One alternative uses a special hardware component, the

8087 numeric processor extension, while the other is

based on software, the 8087 emulator. Both component

and software emulator add the extra numerics data

types and operations to the 8086 or 8088.

The component and its software emulator are com-

pletely compatible.

Nomenclature

Table one shows several possible configurations

of the iAPX 86 and iAPX 88 microprocessor family.

The choice of configuration will be decided by the

needs of the application for cost and performance

in the areas of general data processing, numerics,

and

110

processing. The combination of an 8086 or

8088 with an 8087 is called an iAPX. 86/20 or 88/20

numeric data processor. For applications requir-

ing high I/O bandwidths and numeric perfor-

mance, a combination of 8086, 8087 and 8089 is an

iAPX 86/21 numerics and I/O data processor. The

same system with an 8088 CPU for smaller size

and lower cost, due to the smaller 8-bit wide

system data bus, is referred to as an iAPX 88/21.

Each 8089 in the system is designated in the units

digit of the system designation. The term 86/2X or

88/2X refers to a numeric data processor with any

number of 8089s.

Throughout this _application note, I will use the

terms NDP, numeric data processor, 86/2X, and

88/2X synonymously. Numeric processor exten-

sion and NPX are also synonymous for the func-

tions of either the 8087 component or 8087

emulator. The term numeric instruction or

numeric data type refers to an instruction or data

type made available by the NPX. The term host will

refer to either the 8086 or 8088 microprocessor.

The numeric data processor is based on an 8088 or 8086

microprocessor. The 8086 and 8088 are general purpose

microprocessors, designed for general data processing

applications. General applications need fast, efficient

data movement and program control instructions. Ac-

tual arithmetic on data values is simple in general appli-

cations. The 8086 and 8088 fulfill these needs in a low

cost, effective manner.

However, some applications need more powerful arith-

metic instructions and data types than a general purpose

data processor provides. The real world deals in frac-

tional values and requires arithmetic operations like

square root, sine, and logarithms. Integer data types

and their operations like add, subtract, multiply, and

divide may not meet the needs for accuracy, speed, and

ease of use.

Such functions are not simple or inexpensive. The

general data processor does not provide these features

due to their cost to other less-complex applications that

do not need such features. A special processor is re-

quired,

.....

one which is easy to use and has a high level of

_______

L __ ...lI ________

..1

Table 1. Components Used in i/APX 86,88

Configurations

System Name

iAPX

86/10

86/11

~6/12

8086

8087

8088

8089

... _____ _

~uppun

111 HClfUWCUC: ClHU

~UllWClfC:.

The numeric data processor provides these features.

supports the data types and operations needed and

allows use of all the current hardware and software sup-

port for the iAPX 86/10 and 88/10 microprocessors.

The iAPX 86 and iAPX 88 provide two imple-

mentations of a numeric data processor. Each offers

different tradeoffs in performance, memory size, and

cost.

86/20

86/21

86/22

88/10

88/11

88/12

88/20

88/21

88/22

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