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Probing the deepest recesses of the atom
SUBATOMIC MYSTERY
PAGE
32
Yes, climate change is making storms worse
ROUGH WEATHER AHEAD
PAGE
46
life
Uncovering the Origins
of Evolution’s Big Bang
S
PLU
A DANGEROUS DELUSION
VACCINES REIMAGINED
Why missile defense won’t protect us
PAGE 62
Can one shot prevent many diseases?
JUNE 2019
PAGE 54
© 2019 Scientific American
ScientificAmerican.com
June 2019
VO LU M E 3 2 0 , N U M B E R 6
32
E VO L U T I O N A RY H I S TO RY
C L I M AT E
24 The Rise of Animals
New fossils and analyses of
ancient ocean chemistry reveal
the surprisingly deep roots
of evolution’s big bang—
the Cambrian explosion.
By Rachel A. Wood
NUCLEAR PHYSIC S
46 Rough Weather Ahead
Climate change is making winter
storms and summer heat waves
worse.
By Jennifer Francis
I M M U N O LO G Y
54 Vaccines Reimagined
A controversial theory holds that
one immunization, given properly,
can protect against many diseases
besides its target.
By Melinda Wenner Moyer
SECURIT Y
32 The Deepest Recesses
of the Atom
Where do protons and neutrons
get their mass and spin?
We don’t know. A new particle
collider promises to look into
the sub-subatomic realm and
find answers.
By Abhay Deshpande and
Rikutaro Yoshida
E T H O LO G Y
62 Broken Shield
Systems designed to protect
against incoming nukes
could make us less safe.
By Laura Grego and David Wright
B I OT E C H N O LO G Y
On THe C OVe R
The fossil record shows that animal evolution
was ramping up millions of years before the
Cambrian explosion. Creatures from the pre-
ceding Ediacaran period were already evolving
into predators, making protective skeletons and
forming reef ecosystems, among other develop-
ments that preceded Cambrian diversification.
Illustration by Franz Anthony.
40 One Eye Open
Why dolphins, seals and other
animals developed the capacity
to sleep with half their brain
awake.
By Gian Gastone Mascetti
68 All the World’s Data
Could Fit in an Egg
How DNA is used to store—and
generate—information at extreme
scales.
By James E. Dahlman
Photograph by Floto + Warner
June 2019, ScientificAmerican.com
1
© 2019 Scientific American
4 From the Editor
6 Letters
8 Science Agenda
What can be done about plastic pollution on a global scale.
By the  Editors
9 Forum
More women in the oil and gas industry will bring more
innovation to fight climate change.
By Katie Mehnert
10 Advances
8
Racial minorities suffer more than their share of
air pollution. Cats can recognize their names. Finding
the fastest wing shape. Building an “Internet of plants.”
20 The Science of Health
How good is marijuana for pain?
By Claudia Wallis
22 Ventures
Ubiquitous AI and our privacy.
By Wade Roush
74 Recommended
How Asian elephants collaborate with humans. A data-
driven guide for parents of young kids. Physics needs math.
Underground landscapes.
By Andrea Gawrylewski
76 The Intersection
Online voting: it’s just not secure.
By Zeynep Tufekci
17
78 Anti Gravity
A new book that makes calculus not hard.
By Steve Mirsky
79 50, 100 & 150 Years Ago
80 Graphic Science
Global sustainability goals start with solving
water issues.
By Mark Fischetti and Lisa Mahapatra
ON THE WEB
Freezing Fertility
Frozen immature testicular tissue has been used to con-
ceive a baby monkey—raising hopes of fertility-restoring
therapies for young boys undergoing cancer treatment.
Go to www.ScientificAmerican.com/jun2019/freezing-fertility
74
Scientific American (ISSN 0036-8733), Volume 320, Number 6, June 2019, published monthly by Scientific American, a division of Springer Nature America, Inc., 1 New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, N.Y. 10004-1562.
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Scientific American, June 2019
© 2019 Scientific American

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