Encyclopedia Britannica 1963 [13].pdf

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T H E UNIVERSITY
OF
CHICAGO
The Encyclopgdid Britdnnica
ir
pzlblhhed with the editorial advice
of
thefaczlltks
of
The Universiv of Chicago and of a
committee of members
of
the faczlltieJ of Oxfird, Cumbridge
and London zlnlzersities and of a committee
at The University of Toronto
*
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EREZ
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13
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town of southern Spain. in the province of Cidiz, near
the right bank of the river Guadalete, and on the Seville-
Cadiz railway. about
7
mi. from the Atlantic coast Pop
(1940) 65.166 (mun
,
89.52 5). Jerez is built in the midst
of a fertile plain. I t has been variously identified mith the Ro-
man hlunicipium Seriense; with Asido. perhaps the original of
the Moorish Sherish; and with Hasta Regia, a name which may
survive in the designation of La Mesa de Xsta, a neighbouring
hill. Jerez n a s taken from the Moors by Ferdinand
I11
of Castile
(
I
217-1
2
j 2 )
;
but it was tvice recaptured before Alphonso X
finally occupied it in 1264. Towards the close of the 14th cen-
tury it received the title
de la Frontera,
i
e.,
"of the frontier."
common to several towns on the Moorish border. Characteristic
features of Jerez are the
bodegas,
or \$ine-lodges, for the manu-
facture and storage of sherry. and the vineyards. The old Eng-
lish nord
sherris
is the 16th century pronunciation of the name
Jerez. Few towns of southern Spain display greater commercial
activity than Jerez. During the civil mar of 1936-39, it fell into
the control of Gen. Francisco Franco's insurgents shortly after
the outbreak of hostilities.
JEREZ DE LOS CABALLEROS,
a town of south-western
Spain, in the province of Badajoz, situated on two heights over-
looking the river Ardila, a tributary of the Guadiana,
12
mi.
E.
of
the Portuguese frontier. Pop. (1940) 12,486 (mun., 16,1j4). The
town is said to have been founded by Alphonso I X of Leon in
1229;
in
1232 his son St. Ferdinand gave i t to the knights templar.
Hence the name
Jerez de los Caballeros,
"Jerez of the knights."
Vasco Nhiiez de Balboa, discoverer of the Pacific, was born here.
The old town is surrounded by a Moorish wall with six gates; the
newer portion
is
well built, and planted with orange and other
fruit trees.
JERICHO,
a n ancient town of importance in the Dead sea
valley,
5
mi.
H.
of the Dead sea. ~ c c o i d i n ~ the account given
to
in Joshua i t was the first Canaanite city to be attacked by the
Israelites. The view has recently been put forward, based on the
excavations, that Jericho was destroyed in the 14th century
B.C.
and that it was already a heap of ruins in the time of Joshua.
I t s refortification was due to Hiel, a man of Bethel (
I
Ki. xvi.
34),
and is depicted later as the headquarters of a prophetic school
J
EREZ DE LA FRONTERA
(formerly X
ERES
). a (2 Ki. ii.). Elisha cured the poisonous waters of its spring, now
known as
'Ain es-Sultcin.
I t was a t Jericho that the Babylonians
scattered Zedekiah's army
( 2
Ki.
xxv.)
and brought t o an end
the kingdom of Judah. I n the New Testament Jericho comes
t o mind in the stories of blind Bartimeus, the publican Zacchaeus
of small stature, and the good Samaritan. Bacchides and Aristo-
bulus took i t and Pompey encamped here on his way to Jerusalem.
Herod and Vespasian severally caused panic among the inhabit-
ants and flight a t their approach. Herod made it his winter resi-
dence, built a palace, baths, theatre and a fortress, and i n Jericho
he died. The city changed its site several times. T h e mound of
Tell es-SultZn,
excavated by Sellin 1907-09, covers the site of
the Canaanite city. The Roman, Herodian and Crusaders cities
were on different sites.
Modern.-Jericho,
the site of the crusaders' city, lies 825 ft.
below sea level; pop. (1952) 41.593. I t became part of Jordan
in 1948. I t has a Russian hosplce, Greek church, Latin chapel and
several hotels. I t is a popular resort for officials and the richer
Arabs of Jerusalem. Palms, oranges, bananas, figs, etc.. grow and
ri~en
earlv.
See
C.
F.
Lehmann-Haupt, "Jericho,"
Klio.
14
(1914)
264;
C.
Wat-
zinger, "Jericho: Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen"
( 2 .
D.M.G.)
(1926),
131
seq.,
W.
J.
Phythian-Adams, "Israelite Tradition and
the
Date of Joshua."
Pal. Expl.
Fund
Quart.
Stat.
(1927)
34
seq.
(E.
Ro.)
JERITZA,
MARIA
(1888-
),
soprano, born a t Brno,
Moravia, made her dCbut a t Olmiitz in 1909, and sang for the
Vienna
Volksoper
and then appeared a t the Imperial Opera House,
Vienna, 1912, where she sang until she went to the United States.
Her American dCbut was made a t the Metropolitan Opera House
in 1921 as Marietta in
Die tote Stadt
by Erich Korngold. There
she repeated her Viennese successes. H e r most notable r6les
were in
La Tosca, Die tote Stadt, Tannhauser, Fedora, Thai's, Der
Rosenkavalier
and
Turandot.
She retired from the Metropolitan
Opera company in 1932. Her autobiography,
Sunshine and Music,
appeared in 1924.
JERKIN,
a short close-fitting jacket, made usually
of
leather,
and without sleeves, the typical male upper garment of the 16th
and 17th centuries. I n architecture the term "jerkin-roofed"
is
applied to a form of gable end, the gable being cut off half way
up
the roof and sloping back like
a
"hipped roof" to t h e edge.
J

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