Encyclopedia Britannica 1963 [17].pdf

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THE
UNIVERSITY
OF
CHICAGO
The Encyclopadia Britannica
ir
pa blirhed with the editoridl
&vice
of the facalties
of
The University
of
Chicago and of a
committee of members ofthe facalties of Oxford, Cdmbridge
and London universities and of a committee
at The University
of
Toronto
"
LET K
N
O
W
L
ED
G
E
G
R
O
W
F
RO
M
M
O
RE
TO M
O
RE
AND THUS
BE
HUMAN
LIFE
E
N
RI
C
HED
."
A
New
Swvty
of
Unive~sal
Knowledge
Volume
17
P
T
O
P
LANT
Q
UARANTINE
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA,
INC.
W I L L I A M
BENTON,
P U B L I S H E R
CHICAGO
LONDON
TORONTO
GENEVA
SYDNEY
C
O
PYRIGHT
UNDER
~NTERNATIONAL
O
PY
R
I
G
H
T
C
U
NION
PRINTED IN THE
U.
S.
A.
Volume
17
This letter throughout its known history has represented
APPROX-
IMATE
the unvoiced labial stop. I t corresponds to Semitic
N
AME
O
F
F
OR
M
F
ORM
OF
LETTER
D
AT
E
( p e ) ,
perhaps deriving from an earlier sign for "mouth,"
Greek
,
(pi).
The rounded form occurs in the
PHOENICIAN
B.C.
1.200
early Greek inscriptions from the island of Thera. In the Italic
alphabets the form varied strangely. Etruscan had
1
and
P
.
CRETAN
1.100-900
The standard form in the Latin alphabet mas evidently borrowed
from the Etruscan
p
,
but the colonial Latin alphabet of the 3rd
THERAEAN
700-600
century
B.C.
also shows a form
1
resembling the Chalcidic. The
I
I
Umbrian alphabet h a d l , a form resembling the ancient Semitic.
ARCHAIC LATIN
Faliscan had the rounded form
7
,
Oscan lengthened the
second small vertical stroke and developed the form
fl.
ATTIC
I
I
The minuscule letter resembles the majuscule, the chief differ-
CORINTHIAN
600
ence being that the loop is brought down to the level of the line
of writing and the vertical stroke extended below the line. Thus
a cursive form of the 6th century w a s p , the uncial form w a s p ,
the Carolingian
P
.
The English initial
p
is slightly aspirated, that is, it is accom-
panied by a slight puff of breath, in contrast to the unaspirated
p
ROMAN COLONIAL
of French for example. I n English, as in French and German, the
letter is used in combination with
h
in words of Greek origin to
URBAN ROMAN
denote the unvoiced labiodental spirant expressed in other words
by the letter
f ;
e.g.,
"philosophy," "phonetics" and "graphic."
CLASSICAL
CL&L
Initial
p
is silent in the combinations
ps
and
pt
in such Greek-
derived words as "psychology" and "pterodactyl."
For the history of sound changes affecting the letter
p,
see
G
ER
-
M
A
N
I
C
L
ANGUAGES
.
See
also
A
L
PH
ABE
T
.
(B. F . C . A . ;
J.
W . P . )
r
I
PAARL,
a town 36 mi. by rail E.N.E. of Cape Town,
U.
of
CLASSICAL LATIN
S. Af., situated about
400
ft. above sea level on the banks of the
AND ONWARDS
Berg river, along which it straggles for about
7
mi. To the west
DEVELOPMENT
O F
LETTER
"P"
FROM EARLIEST TIMES TO T H E PRESENT
are the Paarl mountains; to the east the Drakenstein range. I n tivation is increasing. Wine, brandy, wagons arid harness are
and around Paarl are gardens, orange groves and vineyards. I t is made. There are several high schools. a training college and an
a busy agricultural and industrial centre. Fruit and tobacco cul- industrial institute. In
1951
the population was
30,036
and con-
7
A
r
r,
1
r.
I
7
3
3
1
I
I
F)
l
-
1
P

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