Commodore_128_Reference_Guide_for_Programmers.pdf

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Commodore 128

Reference Guide

for Progrommers

David L. Heiserman

Howard W. Sams

Co.

A Division of Macmillan, lnc.

4300 West 62nd Street, lndianapolis, IN 46268 USA

1986 by David L. Heiserman

FIRST EDITION

FIRST PRINTING-1986

retrievalsystem, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanica!,

photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the

publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the

information contained herein. While every precaution has been taken in the

preparation of this hook, the publisher and author assume no responsibility

for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages

resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

International Standard Book Number: 0-672-22479-8

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 86-60936

Acquisitions Editor:

Greg Michael

Editor:

Katherine Stuart Ewing

Designer:

T. R. Emrick

Illustrators:

Don Clemons

and

Ralph E. Lund

Cover Artist:

Gregg Butler

Compositor:

Shepard Foorman Communications, Indianapolis

Printed in the United Statesof America

Trademark Acknowledgments

All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service

marks are listed below. In addition, terms suspectedof being trademarks or

service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Howard W. Sams

Co.

cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. U se of a term in this

book should not be regarcled as affecting the validity of any trademark or

service mark.

CP/Mis aregistered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Amiga, Commodore 64, and Commodore 128 are registered

trademarks of Commodore Electronics, Limited.

Contents

Preface

General Operating Procedures

The Three Main Operating Modes 2

Getting Familiar with the Keyboard 8

Quote-Mode Operations 16

Essential Disk Operations 17

BASIC Operations and Programming Procedures

Numeric and String Constants for BASIC 24

Numeric and String Variables in BASIC 28

Operators for Commodore BASIC 34

BASIC 7.0 Commands, Statements, and Functions 43

Keyboard Abbreviations of BASIC Operations 92

Dealing with BASIC Error Conditions 96

Tokenized BASIC Formats 106

DOS Operating and Programming Procedures

Preliminary Considerations 112

DOS-Related Commands, Functions, and Statements 113

DOS-Related Error Conditions 115

The Disk Directory 119

Disk Pormatting Procedures 121

Procedures for Saving Programs on Disk 125

Procedures for Loading Programs from Disk 132

Procedures for Copying Disk Files 138

Procedures for Cleaning Up Disks 140

Using the TEST/DEMO DISKETTE and DOS Shell 143

Sequentia! Text Files 144

Relative File Procedures 150

Direct-Access Disk Procedures 152

111

Monitor and Assembly Language Procedures

T~e

161

Monitor's Hexadecimal Format 162

Essential Monitor Operations 163

The Monitor' s Machine-Language Aids 170

Contents

Summary of 8502 Op Codes 175

The 8502 Instruction Set 180

Introduetion to CP/M Procedures

Bringing Up CP/M on the Commodore 128 202

Help for Beginners 202

Summary of CP/M Commands 206

Makinga Backup Copy of the CP/M Disk 212

201

Text Screen Procedures

Preliminary Considerations 216

Switching Column Formats 220

Switching Character Sets 224

Setting the Normal/Inverse Character Format 229

Setting Screen and Character Colors 231

Using Cursor Control Features 241

Setting Alternative Text Windows 243

Using the Screen-Editing Features 250

Printing Text from Machine Language Programs 255

Working with the Character Sets 264

Working Directly with Screen Data 272

Using Alternative Screen RAM Locations 276

Writing Directly to the 80-Column Screen 279

215

Bit-Mapped Graphics Procedures

283

Bit-Mapped Screen Formats 284

Plotting Figures on the Graphics Sereens 290

Rescaling the Screen 300

Saving and Reloading Bit-Mapped Shapes 301

Setting Graphics Sereens from Machine Language Routines 304

Working Directly with Standard Bit-Mapped Sereens 307

Working Directly with the Multicolor Bit-Map Screen 314

Sprite Animation Procedures

Creating Sprite Figures 318

Saving and Reloading Sprites 322

Specifying, Positioning, a:qd Moving Sprites 323

Detecting Sprite Collisions' 329

Sprites and Machine Language Routines 337

317

Sound and Music Procedures

Preliminary Considerations 348

Using BASIC'sVOL and SOUND Staterne ts 351

U sing BASIC' s PLAY and TEMPO Staterne ts 356

Using the ENVELOPE Statement 360

Using the FILTER Statement 362

347

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