Arthur V. White - The Shape Of The Earth.pdf

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The
Shape
Some
proofs
for
the
of
the
Earth
spherical
ships
of
the
Earth
given
in
Astronomical
and
Geographical
Te*t-books
examined,
and
shown
to
be
unsound
w
BY
ARTHUR
V.
WHITE
Rtprintad
trvm
The
Univertity
Monthly,"
March,
1909
Pttblithtd
by
the
University
of
Toronto
*'
Alumni
Astociatiom
V
I
The
Shape
Some
of
the
Earth
proofs
for
the
spherlcil
shape
of
the
Earth
given
in
Astronomical
and
Geographical
r
Text-books
examined,
and
shown
to
be
unsound.
»r
JR.THUR
V.
WHITE
Kepriiued
from
The
University
Montiilv, March,
1909
Published
by
the
University
of
Toruniu
Ahimiii
Association
>»J
('ot>rrl«bt.
<'>na<1i.
l»t.
bj
Arthur
V.
\Vi,il».
TH£
SHAPE
OF
THE
EABTH
hare
known,
too.
for
•
long
time,
that
we
hare
no
bTKumentt
for
the
Copernleaa
I
ehnll
never
dare
to
lie
the
flrat
to
attaok
It
Don't
ruih
into
tba
wanp'a
neat.
You
will
but
bring
on
younelf
the
«oom
o(
the
thoughtleia
roultituda.
If
onoa
a
famouji
a'ltronomer
ariaee
agalnH
the
preMint
oonocptlon,
I
will
communleata,
too,
nir
oberrratlonn,
but
to
oome
forth
an
the
Ant
airalnet
opiolonii,
which
the
world
baa
become
fond
of
I
don't
feel
the coiirase."—
.4
'^mndrr
ron
Humlxddt.*
I
"
jretem,
but
,
Thi-
standard
text
books
upon
Astronomy
and
Geography
used
ill
our
schools
and
eoll('g>-s.
as
well
as
the
leading
artieles
relating
to
these
subjeets
in
encycloptedius,
have
always
given
same
popular
proofs
for the
spherical
shape
of
These
so-called
proofs
have
been
deduced
from
the
Earth.
such
facts
&%
the
circumnavigation
of
the
Earth;
'the
shadow'
on
the
Moon
during
its
eclip.se;
the
mode
of
disappearance
of
a
practieally
the
vessel,
or
other
object,
receding
at
sea;
the
declination
of
the
North
Star
as
observed
by
a
person
travelling
southward,
etc.
and
have
been
so
generally
received
as
unquestionably
reliable,
that
one
is
startled
upon
first
observing
that their
soundness
is
being
seriously
(lueationed.
It
is
tnie,
however,
that
the
facts
above
mentioned
do
not
furnish
data
from
wliieh
valid
proofs
may
he
ratitmally
deduced
for
the
support
of the
fundamental
tenets
of
the
Copemican
system
of
Astronomy;
and
that
this
is
beginning
to
be
recog-
nised,
is
evidenced
by
the
following
statement,
taken
from
the
recent
text
book
on
Mathematical
Geography,
by
Willis
E.
John-
sou.
Pli.B.,
Vice-President,
and
Professor
of
Geography
and
Social
Sciences,
of the
Northern
at
Al)Prdeen,
Normal
and
Industrial
School,
South
Dakota.
In
the
second
chapter
of
his
book,
Profes.sor
Johnson
pointedly
opens
his
remarks
upon
"The
Form
•Augml
Titchner,
Tkt
FLred
Itien
of
Anlronomieal
Theory.
I^ipzljr,
1883,
p.
S3.
THE
SHAPE
OP
THE
EARTH
'93
of
th«
Earth,"
with
•
atatement
discounting
the
so-called
proof
of
circumnavigation.
He
says:—
..*
noou
is
always
circular,"
etc..
do
not
n
themselves
prove
that
the
earth
is
a
sphere.
They
might
be
true
if
the
earth
were
a
cylinder
or
had
the
shape
of
an
egg.
"But
men
have
Miled
around
it
in
different
directions."
80
might
they
a
lemon
shaped
body.
To
make
a
complete
proof,
we
must show
that
men
have
sailed
around
it
m
practically
every
direction
and
have
found
no
appreciable
dif-
Terence
in
the distances
!n
the
different
directions."*
"The
.t»ti.m,ntt
commonlj
given
proofs
of
tht
tplmieal
form
of
the
earth
would
often
apply
..
w.ll
to
•
cylinder
or
an
eKg-.h«p«i
or
a
disk-shaped
body,
"i'eople
have
sailed
around
it,"
"The shadow
of
the
earth
as
Men
in
the
ecllpec
of
the
•
great
a
departure
from
views
formerly
held
such
a
statement
involves,
may
be
well
observed
by
a
comparison
of
some
of
the
statements
upon
this
subject,
made
by
other
How
eminent
The
article
on
"The
Earth,"
in
the
New
Edition
of
Chamber's
Encyclopaedia,
informs
us,
that—
authorities.
general
direction."'
"The
most
convincing
proof
to
the
popular
mind
is,
however,
that
the
Earth
has
been
circumnavigated
by
vessels
steering
always
in
the
same
The
Professor
of
Astronomy
at
Princeton
University,
Dr.
Charles
A.
Young,
whose
revised
work,
General
Astronomy,
is
said
to
be
"without
an
equal
in
the
English
language,"
in
that
work
not
necessary
to
dwell
upon
the
ordinary
proofs
of
its
globular-
merely
mention
them.
(1)
It
can
be
circumnavigated.'"
ays,
"It
Ity.
is
We
The
late
Astronomer
Eoyal
of
Great
Britain,
Sir
George
Airy,
P.R.S.,
F.R.A.S.,
B
sUtes-
This
was
done
for
the
time
by
Magellan
and
his
successors
in
command:
The
earth,
therefore,
roughly
speaking,
is
something
round,
and
there
are
limits
first
"Again,
people
have
sailed
round
the
earth.
*Mathematieta
Oeooraj^y,
New
York.
1907,
Planet
Earth,
London.
UM,
pp.
U-i.
•London.
1902.
Vol
IV.
p.
182.
tOeneral
Attrommy,
Boston.
1904,
p.
91.
*
Popular
Attrcnomy,
London.
U88.
p.
SI.
p.
U.
See
also
R.
A.
Gregory.
The
184
Whil..
Sir
J.
UNIVERSITY
MONTHLY
Norman
Lockyer.
F.RS..
F.RA.H
..„..„.«
on....
Profe=«or
of
.
Uoy.U
College
of
I!;ron.^i.-al
PhynicH
in
th.
...,.>„
th..
S......U..
wr.t«H-
-^^;^^r::2
^T^i^::^
A
Mathe-
M..
Lnte
Prof.HMor
of
1
tpt
out."*
And
Prof.m.r
II.
N.
R..binHon.
tl-H
In
tL
U.S.
Navy,
in
hin
r«a<»e
o«
A.irono.ny,
-ayn-
Whi<h
•.ttlc*
till
qUMtloB."*
>l»ol<!d,
OlVr
authoriti™
might
b.
but
tl.o
("W.mg
«ill
mifflce
?
^riS
ProtewT
-on.™..'...
-bl.
.-i."»ny
the
comctnem
of
hi»
J..h.i»n;
mi
-;';*","r::"
"
«
'""y
°b^
°«,
Zri
NW.
eird.
m».v
h.
de^rW
on .ny
-
«'
»
."-^
E
r:;;:rxu:crv:;'Ter^^^^^^^^
concept.on
of
what
holds
any
really
clear
InnTn
V
a
hundred
r
vlTt
nrVct
is
Tho
popular
idea
finial.
^^•ith
ficems
to
be
that
vnne
TtTfJZZ
woXr
N.S.E.W.
S
he
litters,
one
way
or
the
other^
on
a
h
frequently
I
fr^ltlv
thought
to
be
diroet.on.
direetion
North
and
South.
edT
Thus
eardinal
points
East
and
West
are
its
m'er'rt'.
La^^t
:™
airee.1on,
on
cire,e,
ceneen,*
Yort,
1870.
.Element,
of
.Utranom,,.
New
Cincinnati.
18»,
6r,r«twe
on
Astra^my,
p.
K.
P.
»2-

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