Brown. Waris Grammar Sketch.pdf
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Waris Grammar Sketch
Grammar Sketch Final Draft
Bob Brown
June 1990
Final Draft (Corrected from consultant notes)
1
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1
The Waris Language ....................................................................................................... 1
The Classification of Waris. ......................................................................................................... 1
The name of the Waris language. ................................................................................................. 1
The Orthography Used in this Paper ............................................................................................ 2
The Salient Features of Waris Grammar ...................................................................................... 2
This Grammar Sketch ................................................................................................................... 3
Table of Contents
1.2
Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. 3
2
2.1
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.1.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
2.2.6
Word Classes and Word-level Constructions ...................................................... 4
Particles ........................................................................................................................... 5
Adverbs ........................................................................................................................... 7
Time Adverbs ............................................................................................................................... 8
Time Adverbial Phrases .............................................................................................................. 10
Manner Adverbs ......................................................................................................................... 11
Locative Adverbs ........................................................................................................................ 12
Interrogative Adverbs ................................................................................................................. 13
Derived Adverbs ......................................................................................................................... 14
Adverbs Forming Derived Stems. .............................................................................................. 15
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.5
2.3.6
2.3.7
2.3.8
2.3.9
2.3.10
2.3.11
2.3.12
2.3.13
Nominals ....................................................................................................................... 16
Kin Terms ................................................................................................................................... 16
Human Nouns ............................................................................................................................. 17
Proper Nouns .............................................................................................................................. 17
Personal Nouns ........................................................................................................................... 18
Common Nouns .......................................................................................................................... 18
Personal Pronouns ...................................................................................................................... 18
Demonstrative Pronouns ............................................................................................................. 19
Interrogative Pronouns ............................................................................................................... 20
Quantifiers .................................................................................................................................. 21
Adjectives ................................................................................................................................... 21
Demonstratives ........................................................................................................................... 22
Chart of Nominal Properties....................................................................................................... 23
Noun Classification .................................................................................................................... 25
ii
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
Compound and Derived Stems ..................................................................................... 25
Compounding two noun stems ................................................................................................... 25
Determiner plus Determined Constructions ............................................................................... 26
Independent stem plus dependent stem ...................................................................................... 27
The Function of -l ....................................................................................................................... 31
2.5
2.5.1
Verbs ............................................................................................................................. 32
Noun Incorporation in Verbs ...................................................................................................... 32
3
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
Noun Phrases...................................................................................................... 33
NP Constituents and Order ........................................................................................... 33
The Minimal NP ......................................................................................................................... 34
NP with Adjective ...................................................................................................................... 38
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.2.6
Coordination of NPs...................................................................................................... 38
Coordination by the Comitative Marker .................................................................................... 38
Coordination by the Genitive Case Marker ............................................................................... 39
Coordination by -e ...................................................................................................................... 39
Lists with the Verb 'to do' .......................................................................................................... 39
Coordination of Alternatives ...................................................................................................... 40
Pronominal Copy ........................................................................................................................ 40
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
Case Marking of NP...................................................................................................... 40
Details of Case Marking ............................................................................................................. 44
Wide Distribution of Goal Marking ........................................................................................... 45
3.4
Topic Marking of NP .................................................................................................... 47
4
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.4.1
4.1.5
The Verb Phrase................................................................................................. 48
Pre-Core Positions ......................................................................................................... 49
Subject Number .......................................................................................................................... 49
Number of Things Carried ......................................................................................................... 50
Number of People Accompanied................................................................................................ 50
Noun-Classifying Verb Prefixes................................................................................................. 51
Existential Verbs ......................................................................................................................... 52
Location ...................................................................................................................................... 54
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
Post-Core Positions ....................................................................................................... 55
Non-singular Direct Object ........................................................................................................ 55
Benefactive or Recipient Number .............................................................................................. 58
iii
4.2.2.1
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
4.2.7
Subject Number Neutralization with the Benefactive.................................................................. 59
Manner ........................................................................................................................................ 59
Tense-Mode-Aspect .................................................................................................................... 62
Irrealis Mood .............................................................................................................................. 64
Question and Emphasis .............................................................................................................. 65
Topic ........................................................................................................................................... 65
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.2.1
4.3.2.2
4.3.2.3
4.3.2.4
Verb Serialization .......................................................................................................... 65
Serial Finite Verbs ...................................................................................................................... 66
Compound Verb Stems............................................................................................................... 66
Compound Verb Stems with Aspectual Focus............................................................................. 67
Compound Verb Stems with Additive Meaning........................................................................... 68
Compound Verb Stems with Idiomatic Meaning......................................................................... 69
Compound Verb Stems with Change of Actor ............................................................................. 69
5
5.1
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.2.5
5.2.6
5.2.7
5.2.8
5.2.9
5.2.10
5.2.11
5.2.12
5.2.13
5.2.14
5.2.15
5.2.16
5.2.17
5.2.18
Clauses ............................................................................................................... 70
Clause Classes ............................................................................................................... 70
Clause Types with Examples ........................................................................................ 73
Existential Clause ....................................................................................................................... 74
Stative-Equative Clause .............................................................................................................. 74
Motion Clause ............................................................................................................................. 75
Orientation-Achieved Clause ...................................................................................................... 76
Force-Motion Clause .................................................................................................................. 76
Sensory-Inner State Clause ......................................................................................................... 77
Sensory-Force Clause ................................................................................................................. 77
Pseudo-Passive Clause................................................................................................................ 78
Change of State Clause............................................................................................................... 78
Telic Clause ................................................................................................................................ 79
Burn-Light Clause ...................................................................................................................... 79
Holding-Moving Clause ............................................................................................................. 80
Ditransitive Giving Clause ......................................................................................................... 81
Accompaniment Clause .............................................................................................................. 81
Goal Clause ................................................................................................................................. 82
Patient Clause ............................................................................................................................. 82
Goal or Patient-Benefactive Clause ............................................................................................ 84
Sound-Speech Clause ................................................................................................................. 84
iv
5.2.19
Speech Benefactive Clause ......................................................................................................... 85
5.3
5.4
Distribution of Word Classes in Clauses ...................................................................... 86
Grammatical Relations in Waris ................................................................................... 86
6
6.1
6.1.1
Discourse ............................................................................................................ 87
Clause to Sentence and Discourse ................................................................................ 87
Intonation .................................................................................................................................... 87
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.2.5
6.2.6
6.2.7
6.2.8
6.2.9
6.2.10
6.2.11
Sentence Constructions ................................................................................................. 87
Conditional Sentences ................................................................................................................ 88
Conditionals and Topics ............................................................................................................. 89
Simultaneous Action Sentence ................................................................................................... 89
Counter-expectation Sentence .................................................................................................... 89
Reason or Result Sentence ......................................................................................................... 90
Alternative Sentence ................................................................................................................... 91
Purpose Sentence ........................................................................................................................ 92
Speech Quote Sentence .............................................................................................................. 93
Comparison Sentence ................................................................................................................. 94
Intention Sentence ...................................................................................................................... 94
Syntactic Coordination and Subordination ................................................................................. 95
6.2.11.1
Subordination.............................................................................................................................. 95
6.2.11.2
Coordination ............................................................................................................................... 96
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
Semantic Paragraphs ..................................................................................................... 96
Clause Chaining and Semantic Paragraphs ................................................................................ 98
Summary of Semantic Paragraph ............................................................................................. 101
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
Topicalization .............................................................................................................. 101
The Meaning of 'Topic' in Waris.............................................................................................. 101
Topic Marker Allomorphs and Pronouns ................................................................................. 102
Survey of Topic Marking ......................................................................................................... 103
6.5
6.5.1
6.5.2
6.5.3
6.5.4
Topic Continuity ......................................................................................................... 106
Introduction of Participants ...................................................................................................... 106
Same Subject and Different Subject Pronouns ........................................................................ 107
Deixis ........................................................................................................................................ 109
Topic Continuity ....................................................................................................................... 110
6.6
6.6.1
Information in Discourse............................................................................................. 111
Quoted Speech .......................................................................................................................... 111
v
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