Dede Wendy, Reuter Dorothea. Pouye Grammar Essentials.pdf

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Summer Institute of Linguistics
Pouye
Grammar
Essentials
ISO 639-3 (Ethnologue) Code: [BYE]
Lumi District, Sandaun Province
Papua New Guinea
June 2011
Alternate/previous name: Bouye
Wendy Dede & Dorothea Reuter
Contents
List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................. 4
1.
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.4
2.5.5
2.5.6
2.5.7
2.5.8
Introduction .................................................................................................... 5
Phonology ...................................................................................................... 7
Consonants......................................................................................................... 7
Vowels and vowel glides .................................................................................. 8
Syllable structure ............................................................................................... 9
Morphophonemics ........................................................................................... 11
Morphophonemics within Words .................................................................... 12
Trill deletion ..................................................................................................... 12
Vowel epenthesis .............................................................................................. 13
Consonant coalescence ..................................................................................... 15
Approximant consonant epenthesis.................................................................. 16
Vowel deletion ................................................................................................. 17
Labial-velar approximant deletion ................................................................... 17
Dissimilation..................................................................................................... 18
Vowel harmony ................................................................................................ 18
Alveolar plosive epenthesis .............................................................................. 18
Trill deletion ..................................................................................................... 19
2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2
Morphophonemics between Word Breaks ...................................................... 18
2.7
3.
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.1.7
Phonology of loan words ................................................................................ 19
Nouns and Noun Phrases .............................................................................. 21
Nouns ............................................................................................................... 21
Intensification ................................................................................................... 22
Postpositions ..................................................................................................... 21
Plurality ............................................................................................................ 23
Object Marking................................................................................................. 25
Compound Nouns ............................................................................................. 27
Noun Suffix Order............................................................................................ 28
Possession ......................................................................................................... 26
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
Pronouns .......................................................................................................... 29
Interrogative Pronouns ..................................................................................... 31
Demonstratives ................................................................................................. 33
Quantifiers ........................................................................................................ 34
Numerals........................................................................................................... 34
Personal Pronouns ............................................................................................ 29
1
Pouye Grammar Essentials
3.2.6
3.2.7
3.2.8
3.2.9
3.2.10
3.2.11
3.2.12
3.2.13
3.2.14
3.2.15
Non-numeral Quantifiers ................................................................................. 36
Adjectives ......................................................................................................... 38
Noun Phrase ..................................................................................................... 40
Modified Noun Phrase ..................................................................................... 40
Intensified Noun Phrase ................................................................................... 43
Numeral Phrase ................................................................................................ 44
Possessive Noun Phrase ................................................................................... 45
Postpositional Noun Phrase ............................................................................. 45
Appositional Noun Phrase ............................................................................... 46
Coordinate Noun Phrase .................................................................................. 46
4.
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.1.6
4.1.7
4.1.8
4.1.9
4.1.10
4.1.11
4.1.12
4.1.13
4.1.14
4.1.15
4.1.16
4.1.17
4.1.18
Verbs and Verb Phrases ................................................................................48
Verbs ................................................................................................................ 48
Deontic modality (-8) ....................................................................................... 51
Epistemic modality (-7) ................................................................................... 52
Mood (-6) ......................................................................................................... 54
Agent (-5) ......................................................................................................... 55
Temporal element (-4) ..................................................................................... 55
Spatial location (-3) .......................................................................................... 57
Direction (-2) .................................................................................................... 59
Adverbial (-1) ................................................................................................... 61
Manner (adverbial) (+1) ................................................................................. 62
Degree (adverbial) (+2) .................................................................................. 65
Aspect (+3) ..................................................................................................... 68
Beneficiary (+4) .............................................................................................. 69
Aspect (+5) ..................................................................................................... 69
Number (+6) ................................................................................................... 71
Adverbial (+7) ................................................................................................ 71
Compound Verbs ............................................................................................. 73
Verb Phrase ...................................................................................................... 73
5.
6.
6.1.1
6.1.2
Adverbs.........................................................................................................74
Pouye Clause Structure..................................................................................76
Order................................................................................................................. 76
Focus and Emphasis ......................................................................................... 78
Simple Clause................................................................................................... 80
Verbless Clause ................................................................................................ 82
Postpositional Phrase ....................................................................................... 83
Interrogative Clause ......................................................................................... 84
Passive type construction ................................................................................. 85
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.2.5
Clause Types .................................................................................................... 80
2
7.
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
Complex Sentence Structure ......................................................................... 85
Relative Clauses ............................................................................................... 85
Serial Verbs ...................................................................................................... 86
Coordination ..................................................................................................... 87
8.
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4
8.1.5
8.1.6
Lexical Considerations ................................................................................. 89
Abstractions ...................................................................................................... 89
Implied Speech ................................................................................................. 90
Figures of speech.............................................................................................. 91
Idioms ............................................................................................................... 93
Coining ............................................................................................................. 94
Slangs, jargons, argots...................................................................................... 94
9.
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.1.3
9.1.4
9.1.5
9.1.6
Discourse Considerations ............................................................................. 95
Text Genre ........................................................................................................ 95
Tail-Head Linking ............................................................................................ 95
Ellipsis .............................................................................................................. 96
Topic Tracking ................................................................................................. 98
Direct Speech ................................................................................................. 100
Written vs. Oral Style..................................................................................... 102
10.
10.1.1
10.1.2
10.1.3
Unresolved Issues ........................................................................................102
Pronouns ......................................................................................................... 103
Verbal affixes ................................................................................................. 103
Negation ......................................................................................................... 104
11.
12.
12.1.1
Bibliography................................................................................................105
Appendix.....................................................................................................106
Glossed Text ................................................................................................... 106
This entire paper is written using one font only: Doulos SIL [True Type Font,
Unicode].
Pouye area. The side border is Pouye artwork.
Cover page designed by Rocky Dede. Photo is of a tropical rainforest within the
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