Donohue Mark. A Grammar of the Skou Language of New Guinea.pdf

(1223 KB) Pobierz
M
ARK
D
ONOHUE
National University of Singapore
mark@donohue.cc
3 October 2004
Abbreviated table of contents
1 ..........Introduction
2 ..........Phonology
3 ..........Grammar outline
4 ..........Pragmatic marking
5 ..........Word classes and clause types
6 ..........Pronouns
7 ..........Verbs
8 ..........Nominal Phrases
9 ..........Possession
10 ........Nominal Classification
11 ........Non-subcategorised participants
12 ........Serial verb constructions
13 ........Valency changing processes
14 ........Adjunct nominals
15 ........Complements and Control
1
33
105
123
149
185
200
278
296
328
355
372
392
421
441
16 ........Negation, quantification and obliques: the syntax
of postverbal position
458
17 ........Non-verbal predicates
18 ........Non-statement speech acts
19 ........Conjoining, coordination, and switch reference
Appendix 1 Wordlists
Appendix 2 Verbal paradigms
Appendix 3 Acoustic data on tones and vowels
Appendix 4 Texts
471
477
488
518
539
546
554
Appendix 5 Comparative data on the Macro-Skou family
languages
641
References
Index...
687
692
i
ii
Contents
Abbreviated table of contents
List of pictures.........................................................................................xiii
Tables ................................................................................................xiii
Figures .............................................................................................. xviii
Maps .............................................................................................. xviii
Preliminaries...........................................................................................xix
Abbreviations and Glossing conventions......................................................xix
Updates
.................................................................................... xxiii
Acknowledgments................................................................................... xxiv
Pictures ..............................................................................................xxvii
Dedication...........................................................................................xxxiii
1.......... Introduction
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.8.1
1.8.2
1.8.3
1.8.4
1.8.5
1.8.6
1.8.7
1
The Skou language...........................................................................3
The tides of history...........................................................................5
The Skou ethnic group......................................................................10
Skou in its linguistic context ...............................................................16
Skou as a ‘Papuan language’...............................................................19
Earlier work on Skou .......................................................................24
Recent changes in Skou? ...................................................................27
An brief summary of Skou grammar......................................................29
Historical environment..................................................................29
Sociolinguistic environment............................................................29
Phonetics and Phonology...............................................................30
Morphological profile ...................................................................30
Syntactic patterns ........................................................................31
Semantics.................................................................................31
Lexicon....................................................................................31
2.......... Phonology
33
2.1
Phonotactics..................................................................................33
2.2
Segmental phonemes........................................................................34
2.2.1
Consonants...............................................................................34
2.2.1.1 /p/.......................................................................................35
2.2.1.2 /b/.......................................................................................36
2.2.1.3 /w/......................................................................................36
2.2.1.4 /m/, /f/, /n/.............................................................................37
2.2.1.5 /t/........................................................................................37
2.2.1.6 /l/........................................................................................38
2.2.1.7 /r/ .......................................................................................38
2.2.1.8 /j/ and /ƒ/...............................................................................39
2.2.1.9 /k/.......................................................................................40
2.2.1.10 /h/.......................................................................................40
2.2.2
Consonantal analysis....................................................................40
2.2.2.1 Consonantal analysis.................................................................41
iii
2.2.2.2 An alternative arrangement of the consonants.....................................42
2.2.3
Vowels....................................................................................43
2.2.3.1 Further vowel allophony ............................................................48
2.2.3.2 Changes in vowels for number or gender of argument..........................51
2.2.3.3 Vowels and syllabification ..........................................................52
2.2.4
Segmental phonology: a summary.....................................................52
2.3
Suprasegmental phonology ................................................................53
2.3.1
Tone.......................................................................................54
2.3.1.1 Tone Sandhi...........................................................................54
2.3.1.2 Pitch contours on disyllabic roots..................................................56
2.3.1.3 Pitch contours on trisyllabic roots..................................................57
2.3.1.4 Tone melodies and pitch contours..................................................59
2.3.1.5 A model of the tone system of Skou...............................................65
2.3.1.6 Grammatical uses of tone/pitch.....................................................66
2.3.1.7 Excursus: brief comparison of the tone systems of related languages .........67
2.3.1.8 Tone in compounds..................................................................69
2.3.1.9 Tonal suppletion and tonal stripping...............................................74
2.3.2
Nasalisation ..............................................................................77
2.3.2.1 Segmental effects of phonological nasalisation...................................77
2.3.2.2 Nasal spread ..........................................................................79
2.3.2.3 Stress patterns ........................................................................82
2.4
Minimal and near-minimal pairs...........................................................83
2.4.1
Segmental minimal pairs................................................................83
2.4.1
Suprasegmental minimal pairs .........................................................85
2.5
Phonotactics revisited.......................................................................86
2.5.1
Consonant and pitch.....................................................................86
2.5.2
Vowel and pitch..........................................................................90
2.5.3
Consonant and vowel...................................................................90
2.5.4
Vowel and Nasalisation.................................................................92
2.5.5
Consonant, vowel and nasalisation....................................................92
2.5.6
Pitch and Nasalisation...................................................................93
2.5.7
Consonant clusters and unusual onsets...............................................93
2.6
Reduplication ................................................................................93
2.7
Orthography..................................................................................97
2.7.1
Segmental orthography .................................................................97
2.7.2
Tone and nasalisation ...................................................................98
2.7.3
Resolving conflicts in the orthography.............................................. 100
2.8
A note on difficulties faced in identifying tonal systems.............................. 102
2.9
Summary of phonetics and phonology ................................................. 104
3 ..........Grammar outline
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.2
3.3
3.4
105
Word Order ................................................................................ 105
Topicalisation and word order ....................................................... 106
Word order within the NP............................................................ 107
Morphological marking.................................................................. 109
Verbal agreement.......................................................................... 110
The grammaticalisation of pronominal forms.......................................... 111

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika:

Zgłoś jeśli naruszono regulamin