Wolfart. Plains Cree. A Grammatical Study.pdf

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TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

AMERICAN

PHILOSOPHICAL

SOCIETY

HELD

AT PHILADELPHIA

USEFUL

KNOWLEDGE

FOR PROMOTING

NEW SERIES-VOLUME

1973

63, PART 5

PLAINS CREE: A GRAMMATICALSTUDY

H. CHRISTOPH WOLFART

Associate Professor of Linguistics, University of Manitoba

THE AMERICAN

PHILOSOPHICAL

SQUARE

PHILADELPHIA

November, 1973

SOCIETY

INDEPENDENCE

This book has been published with the help of

a grant from the Humanities Research Council of

Canada, using funds provided by the Canada Council.

Libraryof CongressCatalog

Card Number 73-79574

InternationalStandard Book Number 0-87169-635-5

US ISSN 0065-9746

PREFACE

Although the goal of linguistic description is well

known, the complexity of language is such that a

complete grammar does not exist of any language,

ancient or modern. Since the linguistic study of a

particular language is a cumulative process, however,

it is useful to provide progress reports at certain

points: neglected areas will then become obvious and

research plans can be integrated into a coherent

scheme.

The present study outlines an integrated statement

of the morphological structure of the Plains dialect

of Cree, an Algonquian language. While its primary

aim is to provide a framework for further investi-

gation, this work may also serve as an introduction

to the study of Cree texts.

The exposition of the grammatical categories of

Cree is based on a detailed morphological and semantic

analysis of the inflectional paradigms. The sketch

of word formation, which is necessarily less compre-

hensive, is intended to highlight some of the more

productive and characteristic patterns of derivation

and composition.

This study is a revised version of my 1969 Yale

University dissertation, "An Outline of Plains Cree

Morphology" whose basic orientation remains un-

changed. It is primarily based on data collected in

Alberta in 1967-1968; more recent and continuing

informant work, mainly in Manitoba, requires only

one or two additions which are specifically noted in

the text. Examples are also drawn from the pub-

lished texts of Leonard Bloomfield.

I am grateful to Floyd G. Lounsbury for his

criticisms and suggestions during the writing of the

original manuscript; in many cases he pointed out

the more general implications of specific problems.

Warren C. Cowgill was kind enough to send me a long

and detailed list of comments. Thanks are also due

to Charles F. Hockett who first introduced me to the

"marvellous complexity" (Bloomfield) of the Algon-

quian languages; he has read and extensively criti-

cized all my efforts in Algonquian linguistics, including

the present one, and where I have disregarded his

advice, I alone am to blame. The greatest debt,

of course, is to the Cree speakers who with consider-

able patience and generosity taught me some under-

standing of their language.

It is a pleasure to acknowledge the field support

during 1967-1968 of the National Science Foundation

(GS-1535), the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthro-

pological Research, and the Phillips Fund of the

American Philosophical Society; and from 1969 to

1971, of the Research Board of the University of

Manitoba. The writing of the original dissertation

was supported by Yale University which, together

with the Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, also

largely financed my graduate studies.

From Oblate Fathers to sound technicians, acknowl-

edgments are due to more people than can be named.

This preface would be incomplete, however, without

special thanks to my wife Juliane whose part in it far

exceeds that of the perfect Cree typist.

nikdwiy e-wi-petamawak.

H.C.W.

University of Manitoba

Winnipeg, Canada

December 1971

PLAINS CREE: A GRAMMATICAL STUDY

H. CHRISTOPH WOLFART

CONTENTS

PAGE

1. Introduction ......................................

1.1. Aim and scope ................................

1.2. D ialects ........................

.......

.............

1.21. Cree and Montagnais-Naskapi

1.22. Cree dialects.............................

1.23. Plains Cree.............................

1.3. Data and informants.........................

1.4. Abbreviationsand conventions..................

..................

1.41. Grammaticalinformation

1.42. Text references...........................

2. Grammaticalcategories............................

2.01. Major dimensionsof contrast..............

2.02. Animate obviative and inanimate plural.....

2.1. Person.......................................

................

2.11. Personal prefixeski-, ni-, o-.

...

2.12. Personal prefixmi- ...................

2.13. Personal suffixes..........................

2.14. Combinationsof person categories..........

2.2. Obviation....................................

2.21. Focus and spans..........................

2.22. Inflectional limitations and change of focus

2.23. Marked status of obviative..............

.....................

2.24. "Further obviative".

2.3. Gender.......................................

.......

2.31. Shift of gender ....................

2.32. Gender classes of nouns ..................

2.33. Marked status of inanimate ..............

2.4. N umber......................................

2.41. Absence of contrast.......................

2.42. Marked status of plural ..................

2.5. Direction....................................

2.51. Direction and focus.......................

2.52. Further implications......................

2.53. Historical survey.........................

3. Noun inflection....................................

3.1. Affix position classes ...........................

3.2. The possessive paradigm.....................

3.21. Theme formation.........................

3.22. Inflection................................

3.3. The number-obviationparadigm................

3.31. Suffixes................................

3.32. /w/-alternation .........................

3.4. Paradigm tables...............................

3.5. The /epan/ suffix..............................

3.6. Locative.....................................

3.61. Simple.................................

3.62. Distributive ............................

3.7. Vocative .....................................

3.71. Singular.................................

3.72. Plural...................................

...............................

3.8. "Quasi-nouns"

3.81. Locative.................................

3.82. Vocative ................................

3.83. Plural...................................

4. Pronoun inflection ..............

..................

4.1. Pronominal paradigm I ........................

4.11. awa, ana, naha 'this, that, that yonder'. ....

4.12. awlna 'who' ..

................

..........

4.13. tdni'which'. .............................

4.2. Pronominal paradigm II .. .....................

4.21. tdniwa, ewakwd 'where is he', 'there he is'....

4.22. 5ya 'that no longer here' ..................

4.3. Pronouns with noun endings ....................

4.31. kikway 'what' ..............

.............

4.32. kikway 'something'.......................

4.33. kotak 'another' ....................

.......

4.34. aya ' ... one . ............

.......

4.4. Isolated paradigms ...

............

........

....

4.41. ewako 'the selfsame' ...................

...

4.42. awiyak 'someone' .......................

4.5. Personal pronouns .............................

4.51. Stem s ......

....................

.........

4.52. Paradigm s ...............................

5. Verb inflection ..

...

...........................

... .

5.1. Basic verb types ................

.............

5.11. Transitive animate (TA) ..................

5.12. Animate intransitive (AI).................

5.13. Transitive inanimate (TI) .................

5.14. Inanimate intransitive (II) ................

5.2. Paradigm tables .................

..............

5.21. Sources ...

.......................

.....

5.22. Empty positions .........................

5.23. Level of representation ....................

5.24. Versions of the TA independent indicative

table ...........

.............

.........

5.25. Summary of verbal paradigms ............

5.3. Modal categories ..............................

5.31. Subcategories ............................

5.32. Independent order .......................

5.33. Conjunct order....................

.......

5.34. Imperative order .........................

5.4. Affix position classes ..........................

5.41. Suffix position 1: thematic obviative sign

/em / .................................

5.42. Suffix position 2: theme signs....

..........

5.43. Suffix position 3: thematic obviative sign

/eyi/ .................................

5.44. Suffix position 4: mode signs: h- and ht-pret-

erit, delayed imperative ................

5.45. Suffix position 5: non-third person suffixes...

5.46. Suffix positions 6 and 7: mode signs: p-pret-

erit, dubitative ........................

5.47. Suffix position 8: third-person suffixes.......

5.48. Suffix position 9: third-person plural and

obviative suffixes . .....................

5.49. Suffix position 10: mode signs: subjunctive,

iterative ...............................

5.5. Stem shapes ..................................

..... ............

5.51. Transitive stems ...

Wolfart. Plains Cree. A Grammatical Study.pdf

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