Astronomy (USA) 2021-01 - Special Issue. The Beginning And End of The Universe.pdf

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JANUARY 2021
The world’s best-selling astronomy magazine
THE BIG BANG
p. 10
COSMIC INFLATION
p. 14
THE FATE OF BLACK HOLES
p. 60
THE ORIGINS OF LIFE ON EARTH
p. 43
DARK ENERGY’S WEIRD EFFECTS
p. 53
SEEING THE FIRST STARS AND GALAXIES
p. 24
HOW THE UNIVERSE WILL END
p. 64
www.Astronomy.com
AND MORE!
BONUS
ONLINE
CONTENT
CODE
p. 4
Vol. 49
•
Issue 1
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Pelican Nebula Image by Jim Burnell using NP127is. To see the
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Where: N1 = number of nucleons
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En = mass-energy of a nucleon. L =
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NU = nucleons in the entire Universe.
R = distance between bodies.
What? Math ? Yes, dear reader.
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Online Content Code: ASY2101
Enter this code at:
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JANUARY 2021
VOL. 49, NO. 1
CONTENTS
FEATURES
10
THE BEGINNINGS
It began with a bang
Our universe’s earliest
moments are the hardest to
explore. But they hold the key
to understanding the cosmos.
DAN HOOPER
24
ON THE COVER
The strange, eruptive star Eta
Carinae, as captured by Hubble, is
one of the unusual treasures of the
cosmos.
NASA, ESA, N. SMITH (UNIVERSITY OF
ARIZONA) AND J. MORSE (BOLDLYGO INSTITUTE)
24
The first stars are born
They lived fast, died young,
and seeded the cosmos with
material for future generations.
MICHAEL E. BAKICH
43
The origins of life
on Earth
An asteroid impact may have
killed the dinosaurs, but earlier
cosmic strikes could have
helped spawn life in the first
place.
DAVID A. KRING
56
Exploring the shape
of space-time
The afterglow of the Big Bang
reveals the geometry of the
universe.
AVI LOEB
14
28
LIVING IN
THE UNIVERSE
Inflating the universe
In a trillionth of a trillionth
of a trillionth of a second, our
universe underwent a growth
spurt that shaped the structure
we see today.
BRIAN KEATING
How to build a galaxy
About 13 billion years
ago, our galaxy formed in
the wake of the Big Bang.
MICHAEL E. BAKICH
46
Looking for life in
the universe
Possibilities for extraterrestrial
life seem limitless, but a few
scientific rules can help us find
it.
MORGAN L. CABLE
60
How black holes die
Long after the last stars fade,
black holes will herald the
end of the universe with a
spectacular show of fireworks.
NOLA TAYLOR REDD
18
32
The emergence of matter
The universe forged the first
elements within minutes of
its birth through the process
of Big Bang nucleosynthesis.
CHRISTOPHER CONSELICE
Sky This Month
Twilight observing time.
MARTIN RATCLIFFE
AND ALISTER LING
50
THIS IS THE END
The Big Crunch
vs. the Big Freeze
Astronomers once thought the
universe could collapse into a
Big Crunch. Now most agree
it will end with a Big Freeze.
ERIC BETZ
64
A cold, lonely death
Everything — from creatures
to stars to black holes —
will eventually decay into
nothingness.
DOUG ADLER
34
21
Star Dome and
Paths of the Planets
RICHARD TALCOTT;
ILLUSTRATIONS BY ROEN KELLY
The cosmic dark ages
For millennia, a hydrogen
fog permeated the universe,
trapping light.
DANA NAJJAR
40
53
Our solar system’s origin
Researchers know how the Sun
shines — but how did it form?
MICHAEL E. BAKICH
The mystery of
dark energy
The universe isn’t just
expanding, it’s accelerating.
BRUCE DORMINEY
IN EVERY ISSUE
From the Editor
6
Advertiser Index
63
Go to
www.Astronomy.com
for info on the biggest news and
observing events, stunning photos,
informative videos, and more.
ONLINE
FAVORITES
Dave’s
Universe
The inside
scoop from
the editor.
Trips and
Tours
Travel the world
with the staff of
Astronomy.
Sky This
Week
A daily digest
of celestial
events.
Picture of
the Day
Gorgeous
photos from
our readers.
Astronomy
(ISSN 0091-6358, USPS 531-350)
is published monthly by Kalmbach Media
Co., 21027 Crossroads Circle, P. O. Box 1612,
Waukesha, WI 53187–1612. Periodicals postage
paid at Waukesha, WI, and additional offices.
POSTMASTER: Send address changes to
Astronomy,
PO Box 8520, Big Sandy, TX 75755.
Canada Publication Mail Agreement #40010760.
4
ASTRONOMY
•
JANUARY 2021
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