Osprey - Essential Histories 77 - The Wars of Spanish American Independence 1809–1829.pdf

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Essential Histories

The Wars of Spanish

American Independence

1809–29

Joh n F le tc h e r

Essential Histories

The Wars of Spanish

American Independence

1809–29

Essential Histories

The Wars of Spanish

American Independence

1809–29

John Fletcher

Contents

Introduction

Chronology

Background to war

A creaking empire

The warring sides

“Fight and you shall win”

Outbreak

Loyal revolutionaries

The fighting

“War to the death”

Portrait of a soldier

William Miller

The world around war

Anarchy and opportunity

Portrait of a civilian

Francisco José de Caldas

How the war ended

“The peoples are tired and want

nothing but peace and order”

Conclusion and consequences

Bibliography

Index

Introduction

The Wars of Spanish American Independence

were a series of simultaneous conflicts in

Spain’s North and South American colonies

between 1809 and 1829. Started by the

same set of causes, they were fought almost

entirely independently within each of the

four viceroyalties that comprised Spanish

America. Those who fought for independence

were called Patriots, while those who fought

for the continuation of Spanish rule were

called Royalists. Ultimately, Patriots prevailed

in each viceroyalty and at the end of the

wars the only colonies remaining in Spanish

possession were Cuba and Puerto Rico. The

conflicts marked the end of Spain’s position

as a world power and brought the nations

of Mexico, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia,

Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina

into existence. Britain, the United States of

America, and France benefited from the

decline of Spanish influence through

increased trade, influence and, in the

case of the United States, territory.

The Royalist cause was complicated by the

struggle within Spain between Conservative

Absolutists and Liberal Constitutionalists.

Batalla de Maipú

(detail), 1904, by Pedro Subercaseaux

(1880–1956).The wars of independence, which divided

Americans by caste, region, and political philosophy,

were as much civil wars as rebellions against Spain.

(Museo Histórico Nacional, Chile; photograph by

Marco Benavente)

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