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Men-at-Arms
O
SPREY
PUBLISHING
The Army of
Herod the Great
Samuel Rocca
•
Illustrated by Christa Hook
Men-at-Arms • 443
The Army of Herod
the Great
Samuel Rocca
•
Illustrated by Christa Hook
Series editor
Mar tin Windrow
First published in Great Britain in 2009 by Osprey Publishing
Midland House, West Way, Botley, Oxford OX2 0PH, UK
443 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016, USA
E-mail:
info@ospreypublishing.com
© 2009 Osprey Publishing Ltd.
All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study,
research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and
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be addressed to the Publishers.
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 1 84603 206 6
ebook ISBN: 978 1 84908 121 4
Editor: Martin Windrow
Page layouts by Myriam Bell Design, France
Typeset in Helvetica Neue and ITC New Baskerville
Index by Fineline Editorial Services
Originated by PPS Grasmere, Leeds, UK
Printed in China through World Print Ltd.
09 10 11 12 13
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dedication
The book is dedicated to my children, Yair, Avigail and Daniel
A r t i s t ’s n o t e
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sale. All reproduction copyright whatsoever is retained by the
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CONTENTS
SAMUEL ROCCA was born
in Italy, but now lives in
Jerusalem. He served with
the Israeli Defense Forces
and has worked as a teacher
and a curator at the Bible
Lands Museum, Jerusalem.
Having studied biblical
and classical archaeology
at undergraduate level
at the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem, he went on
to complete his MA there,
before researching his
PhD on Herodian Judaea at
Bar-Ilan University. Samuel
has given papers at numerous
international conventions,
and written articles for
several academic journals.
INTRODUCTION & CHRONOLOGY
HEROD AND HIS ARMY
• The King of the Jews – the status of the army
3
4
11
STRENGTH AND COMPOSITION
• Army strengths: the civil war – the First Nabataean War –
at Herod’s death
• Ethnic compositon
• Supreme and senior command
• Engineers and artillery
• Herod’s bodyguard
THE FIELD ARMY
•
•
•
•
•
Cavalry
Infantry
Reserves – the military colonies
Equipment
Fortifications
21
CHRISTA HOOK began her
illustrating career in 1986,
after studying under her
father Richard Hook. Her
work has featured extensively
in the worlds of publishing
and television and, having
illustrated over 30 Osprey
titles, she has established
herself as one of their
most popular artists.
Her illustrations combine
the historian’s attention to
detail with the artist’s sense
of drama and atmosphere,
and they are sought after
by collectors worldwide.
CAMPAIGNS
•
•
•
•
•
24
The conquest of the kingdom and siege of Jerusalem, 40–37 BC
The First Nabataean War, 32–31 BC
Aelius Gallus’ expedition to Arabia, 25 BC
The Second Nabataean War, 9 BC
The army after Herod
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
PLATE COMMENTARIES
INDEX
43
43
48
THE ARMY OF
HEROD THE GREAT
Presumed portrait of King
Herod. In the 1960s this bust
depicting a man wearing a chin-
beard was found near Memphis
in Egypt; dated to the Late
Hellenistic period, it had been
remodelled in the 3rd century
AD. Although some scholars
identify it with one of the later
Ptolemys, others – most notably
Vermeule – believe that the
subject is Herod; this is quite
possible, since it was found in
an Idumaean context. (Courtesy
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)
INTRODUCTION & CHRONOLOGY
H
erod’s army was the last independent regular Jewish army before
the creation of
Zahal,
the defence force of the State of Israel,
some 2,000 years later. It was an army of the Classical age, and
most of its features clearly show Hellenistic and Roman influences. Thus,
to describe the army of King Herod is to describe a typical Hellenistic
army in its last phase of development, when Roman influences were
most evident. Herod’s army fought for its king, but also for Rome, and
in fact it is the best-known example of an army of a client king of Rome.
Thanks to the books of Josephus –
War
and
Antiquities
– the activity and
the organization of Herod’s army have come down to us in considerable
detail, despite the notorious lack of surviving pictorial evidence.
CHRONOLOGY
66–63 BC
Civil war in the Hasmonaean kingdom of Israel
between Hyrcanus II, supported by Antipater
the Idumaean (father of Herod the Great),
and Hyrcanus’ brother Aristobulus II.
The two brothers each appeal for help
to Pompey the Great.
63 BC
Pompey besieges and defeats Aristobulus II at
Jerusalem. Hyrcanus II is appointed High Priest.
The Hasmonaean kingdom is dismembered.
49 BC
Hyrcanus II and Antipater side with Julius Caesar
after his victory over Pompey at Pharsalus.
47 BC
Caesar bestows on Hyrcanus II the titles of
ethnarch
and Ally of Rome, and names Antipater
as
epitropos
or chief minister.
44 BC
Antipater makes his sons Phasael and Herod
strategoi
in Jerusalem and Galilee. Herod
executes Ezekias, a bandit leader.
44–42 BC
Cassius, leader of the assassins of Caesar,
rules Syria. Antipater is murdered by a
certain Malichus, perhaps with the connivance
of Hyrcanus II. Herod in his turn kills Malichus.
After the battle of Philippi, Hyrcanus II and
Herod become clients of Marcus Antonius, the
new ruler of the Roman East.
40 BC
The Parthians invade Roman Syria and Judaea,
and set on the Judaean throne the Hasmonaean
prince Mattatihu Antigonus. Hyrcanus II and
Phasael, Herod’s brother, are both captured;
3

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