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Men-at-Arms
O
SPREY
PUBLISHING
World War II Soviet
Armed Forces (1)
1939–41
Dr Nigel Thomas • Illustrated by Dar ko Pavlovic
CONTENTS
DR NIGEL THOMAS is an
accomplished linguist and
military historian, formerly
a Principal Lecturer at
Northumbria University, now
a freelance military author,
translator and military uniform
consultant. His interests are
20th century military and civil
uniformed organizations, with
a special interest in Germany,
Central and Eastern Europe.
He was awarded a PhD on the
Eastern enlargement of NATO.
THE COURSE OF THE WAR IN OUTLINE
• Historical background: the Great War, the Revolutions
and Civil War – the interwar period: Khalkin-Gol
3
THE SOVIET HIGH COMMAND
• Stalin and Tukhachevsky – the Great Purge
• The People’s Commissariat for Defence –
Stavka,
June 1941
4
RED ARMY LAND FORCES
•
•
•
•
Designations
Personnel: conscription – career structure, NCOs and officers
Branches of service, 1936–41
Organization, 1939–41
6
DARKO PAVLOVIC was born
in 1959 and currently lives
and works in Zagreb, Croatia.
A trained architect, he now
works as a full-time illustrator
and writer, specializing in
militaria. Darko has illustrated
a number of books for Osprey
including Men-at-Arms 282:
Axis Forces in Yugoslavia
1941–45
and Elite 60:
U-Boat
Crews 1914–45.
He has also
written and illustrated titles
for the Men-at-Arms series
on the Austrian army of the
19th century.
SUMMARY OF LAND FORCES CAMPAIGNS
14
• The ‘Re-occupation Campaign’: Eastern Poland – Baltic States –
Finland: the Winter War – Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
• Early campaigns of the ‘Great Patriotic War’
LAND FORCES UNIFORMS
•
•
•
•
December 1936 dress regulations
Branch-specific uniforms
Branch distinctions: facing colours
Rank insignia, December 1935 regulations
16
RED ARMY AIR FORCE
•
•
•
•
•
•
Designations and command
Branches of service, 1936–41
Organization, 1939–41
Summary of Air Force operations
Uniforms, service and field – flying clothing – insignia
Airborne Forces
24
NAVY
•
•
•
•
•
•
Designations and command
Branches of service, 1936–41
Organization, 1939–41: fleets – flotillas
Summary of Navy operations
Uniforms, 1935–41
Naval Infantry
36
NKVD SECURITY FORCES
• Designations and command
• Organization, uniforms and insignia
41
PLATE COMMENTARIES
INDEX
44
48
Men-at-Arms • 464
World War II Soviet
Armed Forces (1)
1939–41
Dr Nigel Thomas
Series editor
Mar tin Windrow
•
Illustrated by Dar ko Pavlovic
First published in Great Britain in 2010 by Osprey Publishing
Midland House, West Way, Botley, Oxford OX2 0PH, UK
44-02 23rd St, Suite 219, Long Island City, NY 11101, USA
E-mail:
info@ospreypublishing.com
© 2010 Osprey Publishing Ltd.
All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study,
research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act, 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should
be addressed to the Publishers.
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978 184908 400 0
ebook ISBN: 978 1 84908 401 7
Editor: Martin Windrow
Page layouts by Myriam Bell Design, France
Typeset in Helvetica Neue and ITC New Baskerville
Index by Michael Forder
Originated by PPS Grasmere Ltd, Leeds, UK
Printed in China through World Print Ltd.
10 11 12 13 14
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Acknowledgements
Nigel Thomas would like to thank Ventsislav Chakov, Nik Cornish,
László Pál Szabó and Pierre C.T. Verheye for their assistance and
inspiration, and also his wife Heather for her tireless
encouragement and support. He would also like to acknowledge
his debt to the writings of László Békési, Aleksandr Kibovskiy, Chris
Nelson, Jan Rutkiewicz, Aleksey Stepanov, Kirill Tsiplenkov, David
Webster and Steven Zaloga.
A r t i s t ’s n o t e
Readers may care to note that the original paintings from which the
colour plates in this book were prepared are available for private
sale. All reproduction copyright whatsoever is retained by the
Publishers. All enquiries should be addressed to:
Darko Pavlovic, Modecova 3, Zagreb 10090, Croatia
´
The Publishers regret that they can enter into no correspondence
upon this matter.
Osprey Publishing is supporting the Woodland Trust, the UK’s leading
woodland conservation charity by funding the dedication of trees.
www.ospreypublishing.com
© Osprey Publishing. Access to this book is not digitally restricted. In return,
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WORLD WAR II SOVIET ARMED
FORCES (1)
1939–41
A REVOLUTIONARY ARMY
I
A confident officer cadet at a
Tank School, 1939. He wears the
light ‘steel-grey’ Armoured
Troops officer’s service cap and
field shirt, with an M32 field belt
and crossbrace. His collar
patches are those of a private,
and have the brass tank branch
badges applied at a non-
regulation angle. (Tshakov
Collection)
n 1914 the multinational Russian Empire, with a population of about
167 million spread over a land area of 8.45 million square miles,
encompassed the present-day Russian Federation, most of Poland,
Finland, the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), Byelorussia,
Ukraine, Moldova, Transcaucasia (Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan)
and Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and
Kyrgystan). Its political system was unstable, as Tsar Nicholas II resisted
demands for increased democracy.
In the Great War, the 5 million-strong Russian Imperial Army proved
unable to stem the German and Austrian advances. Riots in the capital
St Petersburg (later, Leningrad) led to the ‘February Revolution’ of
7 March 1917 (23 February OS)
1
, the Tsar’s abdication, and the
establishment of a Provisional Government. This was followed on
7 November 1917 (25 October OS) by the ‘October Revolution’, when
Vladimir Ilich Lenin’s Bolshevik Party proclaimed a Russian Republic.
The state was renamed on 28 January 1918 as the Russian Soviet
Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). On 30
December 1922 it was joined by the Byelorussian,
Ukrainian and Transcaucasian (later Armenian,
Azerbaijan and Georgian) Soviet Socialist
Republics (SSRs), to form the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR – ‘Soviet Union’).
Additional SSRs were steadily incorporated:
Turkmen and Uzbek, 13 May 1925; Tadjik,
5 December 1929; Kazakh and Kirgiz, 5 December
1936; Moldavian, 2 August 1940; and Lithuanian,
Latvian and Estonian, 3–6 August 1940, making a
total of 15 Soviet Republics.
2
To consolidate Bolshevik power, in March 1917
Lenin formed the Red Guard (Krasnaya
Gvardiya)
as a 200,000-strong workers’ militia. On 28 January
1918 the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army
(Raboche-Krest’yanskaya
Krasnaya Armiya –
RKKA),
comprising Land Forces and Air Force, and on
11 February the Red Fleet (RKKF), were
established as the armed forces of the Bolshevik
Revolution, supported by the
Cheka
internal
1 Until 1918 Russia used the ‘Old Style’ Julian Calendar, 13 days behind the
Gregorian Calendar.
2 For the complex partition of Ukraine, see MAA 412:
Ukrainian Armies
1914–55.
3

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