Men-at-Arms 529 - Armies of the Great Northern War 1700-1720 (2019).pdf

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Men-at-Arms
Armies of the Great
Northern War 1700–1720
Gabriele Esposito • Illustrated by Giuseppe Rava
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
• The anti-Swedish coalition – Sweden’s allies
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7
8
CHRONOLOGY
THE RUSSIAN ARMY
• The infantry before Peter the Great: the
Streltsi
– the ‘foreign’
infantry – from ‘toy army’ to Imperial Guard – the new line
infantry – garrison and security troops
• The ‘noble’ cavalry – dragoons – light cavalry – artillery
THE SWEDISH ARMY
• ‘Enlisted’ and ‘provincial’ regiments – extended conscription
• The Life Guard on Foot – the line infantry
• The cavalry: the Horse Guard – the line cavalry – ‘noble flag’
units, ‘priest dragoons’ and miscellaneous
• The artillery – militia
14
THE SAXON ARMY
THE POLISH & LITHUANIAN ARMIES
• ‘National’ and ‘foreign’ contingents – Polish army – Lithuanian
army – Royal Guard – private armies
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• Infantry – cavalry – artillery – militia – wartime changes – ‘exotica’
THE DANISH & NORWEGIAN ARMIES
• The Danish army: infantry – cavalry and dragoons – artillery
• The Norwegian army: ‘active’ and ‘reserve’ conscription –
wartime changes
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THE HANOVERIAN ARMY
• Hanover-Calenburg – Lunenburg-Celle – amalgamated army,
from 1705
37
THE PRUSSIAN ARMY
• The army of Frederick I – the army of Frederick William I
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40
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THE HOLSTEIN ARMY
COSSACKS, TATARS & DANUBIAN
PRINCIPALITIES
• Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate – Crimean Tatar Khanate
– Moldavia and Wallachia
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
PLATE COMMENTARIES
INDEX
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48
Men‑at‑Arms • 529
Armies of the Great
Northern War
1700–1720
Gabr iele Esposito • Illustr ated by Giuseppe Rava
Series editor
Mar tin Windrow
ARMIES OF THE GREAT
NORTHERN WAR 1700–1720
INTRODUCTION
M
ore or less simultaneous with the War of the Spanish Succession
(1701–14) between France and an alliance of Britain with
the Holy Roman (Austrian) Empire, which ravaged parts of
western, central and southern Europe, the Great Northern War was
the most important conflict ever fought in the Baltic region. While it
involved a number of armies, on battlefields stretching from Norway
to southern Ukraine, its essential
importance was that it led to both
the destruction of the empire
acquired by Sweden since the
Thirty Years’ War (1618–48), and
the transformation of Russia,
under Tsar Peter the Great (r.
1682–1725), from a minor player in
European affairs into a great power,
dominating the Baltic region and
with an open ‘window to the West’.
When the conflict began in 1700,
Sweden was itself a great power both
by sea and land, rich from Baltic
commerce and controlling much
of northern Europe. In addition to
Finland, traditionally a dominion
of the Swedish crown, Sweden’s
empire included Karelia (the
border region between Finland and
Russia); Ingria (the coastal region
of Russia on the Gulf of Finland,
where St Petersburg would be
founded during the course of the
war); Estonia; Livonia (roughly,
modern Latvia); and several areas
on the northern coast of Germany
– Western Pomerania, Wismar, and
the Duchy of Bremen and Verden.
These wide possessions were
difficult to defend simultaneously,
and after many decades of successes
the dawn of the 18th century
confronted the Swedes with both a
new Russian threat and a coalition
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