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ATP 2-22.9
Open-Source Intelligence
July 2012
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Unlimited Distribution
Headquarters, Department of the Army
*ATP 2-22.9
Army Techniques Publication
No. 2-22.9 (FMI 2-22.9)
Headquarters
Department of the Army
Washington, DC,
10 July 2012
Open-Source Intelligence
Contents
Page
PREFACE..............................................................................................................iv
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... v
Chapter 1
OPEN-SOURCE INTELLIGENCE (OSINT) FUNDAMENTALS
........................ 1-1
Definition and Terms .......................................................................................... 1-1
Characteristics .................................................................................................... 1-1
The Intelligence Warfighting Function ................................................................ 1-2
The Intelligence Process .................................................................................... 1-3
The Planning Requirements and Assessing Collection Process ........................ 1-4
The Military Decisionmaking Process ................................................................ 1-4
Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield ........................................................... 1-5
PLANNING AND PREPARATION OF THE OSINT MISSION
............................. 2-1
Section I – Planning OSINT Activities ............................................................ 2-1
Define the Operational Environment .................................................................. 2-1
Describe Environmental Effects on Operations ................................................. 2-2
Evaluate the Threat ............................................................................................ 2-2
Determine Threat Courses of Action .................................................................. 2-2
Section II – Preparation of OSINT Activities .................................................. 2-2
OSINT Exploitation ............................................................................................. 2-3
Preparation Considerations ................................................................................ 2-4
Section III – Planning and Preparation Considerations ............................... 2-7
Open-Source Reliability ...................................................................................... 2-7
Open-Source Information Content Credibility..................................................... 2-8
Compliance ......................................................................................................... 2-8
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Unlimited Distribution
.
*This publication supersedes FMI 2-22.9, 5 December 2006.
i
Chapter 2
Contents
Operations Security............................................................................................. 2-8
Classification ....................................................................................................... 2-9
Coordination ........................................................................................................ 2-9
Deception and Bias ............................................................................................. 2-9
Copyright and Intellectual Property ..................................................................... 2-9
Linguist Requirements ...................................................................................... 2-10
Machine Foreign Language Translation Systems ............................................ 2-11
Section IV – Manning the OSINT Section ..................................................... 2-13
OSINT Section Duties ....................................................................................... 2-13
OSINT Section at the Brigade Combat Team Level ......................................... 2-13
Task Organization Considerations .................................................................... 2-15
Chapter 3
COLLECTING OSINT
......................................................................................... 3-1
Collecting Publicly Available Information ............................................................ 3-1
Research ............................................................................................................. 3-3
PRODUCING OSINT
.......................................................................................... 4-1
Categories of Intelligence Products .................................................................... 4-1
Evaluate Information ........................................................................................... 4-2
Process Information ............................................................................................ 4-5
Report and Disseminate Information ................................................................ 4-10
Reporting and Dissemination Considerations ................................................... 4-12
LEGAL RESTRICTIONS AND REGULATORY LIMITATIONS ........................ A-1
CYBERSPACE INTERNET AWARENESS ...................................................... B-1
BASIC AND ADVANCED INTERNET SEARCH TECHNIQUES ..................... C-1
OSINT CONTRIBUTIONS ................................................................................. D-1
OSINT ORGANIZATIONS ................................................................................. E-4
OPEN-SOURCE RESOURCES ............................................................................ 1
GLOSSARY .......................................................................................... Glossary-1
REFERENCES.................................................................................. References-1
INDEX ......................................................................................................... Index-1
Chapter 4
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Appendix F
Figures
Figure 1-1. The intelligence process ...................................................................................... 1-3
Figure 2-1. Brigade combat team’s OSINT section ............................................................. 2-14
Figure 3-1. Process for collecting publicly available information ........................................... 3-2
Contents
Tables
Table 2-1. Open-source reliability ratings ............................................................................... 2-8
Table 2-2. Open-source content credibility ratings ................................................................. 2-8
Table 3-1. Open-source media, components, and elements ................................................. 3-5
Table 4-1. Categories of intelligence products ....................................................................... 4-1
Table 4-2. Comparison of communication types .................................................................... 4-3
Table 4-3. Level, factors, and elements of media control ...................................................... 4-7
Table 4-4. Hierarchy of media power ..................................................................................... 4-8
Table C-1. Boolean logic operators, connectors, and delimiters........................................... C-3
Table C-2. Truncating and shortening uniform resource locators ......................................... C-6
Table E-1. Open Source Academy curriculum .......................................................................E-5
Table F-1. Military open-source training and resources ............................................................ 1
10 July 2012
ATP 2-22.9
iii

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