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LECTURES
ON CONTEMPORARY
SYNTACTIC THEORIES
CSLI
Lecture Notes
Number 3
LECTURES
ON CONTEMPORARY
SYNTACTIC THEORIES
AN INTRODUCTION TO GOVERNMENT-BINDING THEORY,
GENERALIZED PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMAR,
AND LEXICAL-FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR
Peter Sells
Postscript by Thomas Wasow
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OF LANGUAGE
AND INFORMATION
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Copyright ©1985
Center for the Study of Language and Information
Leland Stanford Junior University
Printed in the United States
94 93 92 91 90
7654
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sells, Peter.
Lectures on contemporary syntactic theories.
(CSLI lecture notes ; no. 3)
Bibliography: p.
Includes indexes.
1. Grammar, Comparative and general-Syntax.
2. Government-binding theory (Linguistics) 3. Gener-
alized phrase structure grammar. 4. Lexical-function-
al grammar. 5. Generative grammar. I. Title. II.
Series.
P291.S36 1987
415
87-10243
ISBN 0-937073-13-X
ISBN 0-937073-14-8 (pbk.)
Author's Preface
This second printing incorporates several minor changes of text and ref-
erences, but does not differ in any substantial way from its predecessor.
There has been some minor reformatting, and indexes of names and sub-
jects have been added. The changes that have been made are due in large
part to the comments I have received from many people over the past year;
my thanks to them all.
In the Spring of 1985, I gave a series of lectures on contemporary
syntactic theories at the University of California, Santa Cruz, covering
Government-Binding Theory, Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, and
Lexical-Functional Grammar. The material presented here is based on my
notes from those lectures. I have tried to provide enough background so
that the non-linguist might understand the concepts and motivations in
each of the theories. To that end, I include a short introductory chap-
ter. In addition, Tom Wasow has generously provided a Postscript to my
own presentation which gives a more general historical and methodological
overview.
I should emphasize that the three theories discussed here by no means
exhaust the inventory of syntactic theories deserving the label 'contempo-
rary'; rather, these are the ones of which I have enough knowledge to be
able to discuss them in a serious way. I have not made any effort to com-
pare analyses of particular constructions; such an enterprise would require
another separate book in itself. Rather, I have tried to present the most im-
portant aspects of each of the theories. I have also limited myself (except
where forced by expository obligations) to discussion of purely syntactic
aspects of these theories.
Syntactic theories change rather rapidly, and nothing presented here
represents the current state of the art within any theory; moreover, I have
not attempted to provide definitive analyses, but rather representative ones.
The version of Government-Binding Theory presented here is roughly that
in Chomsky (1981) and Chomsky (1982), and does not incorporate recent
developments documented in Chomsky (1986a, 1986b). The version of Gen-
eralized Phrase Structure Grammar is that given in Gazdar, Klein, Pullum,
and Sag (1985), and does not include recent developments stemming out
of the work of Pollard (1984). Finally, the version of Lexical-Functional
Grammar is based on that presented in Kaplan and Bresnan (1982), with
some more recent modifications added. In each case, I have chosen the

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