Engineering Design Handbook - Helicopter Engineering - Part I - PRELIMINARY DESIGN.pdf

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AD/A-002 007
ENGINEERING DESIGN HANDBOOK.
HELICOPTER ENGINEERING.
PART ONE.
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
Army Materiel Command
Alexandria, Virginia
30 August 1974
DISTRIBUTED BY:
National Technical Iufnatou
Service
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
S..,-,.
-
PAMPLET
AMCP
706.201
'0y
ba"
IDEC
18
1974
o
ENGINEERING DESIGN
HANDBOOK
0
HELICOPTER ENGINEERING
R*ptoducd
by
NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE
US
Departmenit of
Commere.
Sprtigfield,
VA.
22151
PART ONE
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
.AAPpro%,;d
for
'
•,
!
"
..
HEADOUARTERS,
U.S.
ARMY MATERIEL
COMMAND AUGUST
1974
Reproduced From
Best Available Copy
-*1'1
0
"5001
AMC
PAMPHLET
No.
706-201
DEPARTMENT OF rHE ARMY
HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND
Eisenhower Ave, Alexandria, VA 22333
30 August 1q74
ENGINEERING DESIGN HANDBOOK
HELICOPTER EVI'lNEERING, PART ONE
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
•,'".''Paragraph
PaarahTABLE
OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .........................................
LIST OF TA BLES ..................................................
FO R EWOR D ......................................................
PREFACE ........................................................
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2
MISSION EFFECTIVENESS
Page
xxxi
xlv
xlvii
xlviii
,
2-1
2-1
2-1
2-2
2-2
2-3
2-3
2-4
2-4
2-5
2-5
2-5
2-5
2-6
2-8
2-9
2-10
2-I1
2-11
2-13
2-13
2-13
2-13
2-13-.
. -14
2-14
2-15
2-15
2-16
2-1
2-2
2-2.1
2-2.1.1
2-2.1.2
2-2.2
2-2.3
2-2.3.1
2-2.3.2
2-3
2-3.1
2-3.1.1
2-3.1.2
2-3.1.2.1
2-3.1.2.2
2-3.2
2-3.3
2-3.3.1
2-3.3.2
2-44
2-4.1
2-4.2
24.3
2-4.4
INTROD UCTION .................................................
MILITARY SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS AND MISSION EFFECTIVENESS
MILITARY SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS ............................
Operations Research (OR) ........................................
Budgetary Considerations ........................................
D ESIG N CYCLE .................................................
MISSION-EFFECTIVENESS EQUATION ...........................
Operational Factors .............................................
Econom ic Factor ................................................
OPERATIONAL FACTOR ANALYSIS ...............................
M ISSION READINESS ...........................................
Mission Capability (M C) .........................................
Availability ....................................................
R eliability ....................................................
M aintainability ...............................................
SURVIVAPTLITY ................................................
PERFORM NCE ................................................
Performatice Requirements .......................................
Performance Effectiveness ........................................
ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS ............................................
GENERA L ......................................................
ELEMENTS OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ...........................
.
FORMS OF CRITERIA ...........................................
COST ANALYSIS
................................................
I
S
2-4.4.1
2-4.4.1.1
24.4.1.2
2-4.4.1.3
24.4.1.4
Cost Concepts ..................................................
Life Cycle Cost ...............................................
Incremental Cost ..............................................
Real Resource Utilizaticn .......................................
Joint Costs ........ ..........................................
............
,.N
7j
*
,,..
AMCP
706-201
PararaphTABLE
Paragraph
24.4.1.5
2.4.4,2
OF
CONTENTS
(Continued)
Page
Other Cost Concepts ............................
Cost Estimation ....................................
......
)
........
......
......
2-16
2-16
Y'
2.4.4.2.1
2-4.4.2.2
2-4.4.2.3
Data Development .......................................
CER Display Formats ........................................
CER Derivation
..............................................
....
2-4.4.2.4
2-4.5
Use of C ERs .................................................
SIMULATION MODELING: AN EXAMPLE
........................
2-17
2.17
2-18
2-18
2-19
2-5
LIST OF SYM BOLS ................................................
REFERENCES ................................................
CHAPTER
3
PERFORMANCE
2-21
2-22
3-1
3-1.1
3-1.2
3-2
3-2.1
3.2.1.1
3-2.1.1.1
3-2.1.1.2
3-2.1.i.3
3-2.1.1.4
3-2.1.1.5
3-2.1.1.6
3-2.1.1.7
3-2.1.1.8
3-2.1.1.9
3-2.1.1.10
3-2.1.2
3-2.1.2.1
3-2.1.2.1.1
3-2.1.2.1.2
3-2.1.2.1.3
3-2.1.2.2
3-2.1.2.2.1
3-2.1.2.2.2
3-2.1.2.2.3
3-2.1.2.2.4
3-2.1.2.2.5
3-2.1.2.2.6
3-2.1.3
3-2.1.4
3-2.2
3-2.2.1
3-2.2.2
3-2.2.3
3-2.2.3.1
INTRODUCTION .................................................
WORKING
STATES
OF
A
ROTOR
................................
POWER
REQUIRED
FOR LEVEL FLIGHT
........................
AERO DYNAM ICS .................................................
BASIC ANALYTICAL METHODS .................................
H overing Flight .................................................
M om entum Theory ............................................
Figure of M erit ...............................................
Blade Element Theory .........................................
Tip Loss Factor ...............................................
Vortex Theory-Three-dimensional Considerations ..................
Theoretical Three-dimensional Prediction Method ..................
Em pirical Prediction M ethod ....................................
G round Effect ................................................
Vertical Dcag/Thrust Recovery ..................................
Power Train Effects ...........................................
Forw ard Flight .................................................
Energy M ethods .......................................
Induced Pow er ...............................................
Profile Pow er .................................................
Parasite Power ................................................
Blade Elem ent Theory .........................................
W heatley M ethod .............................................
....................
Iterative
Procedure .......................
..................................................
Blade Stall
N um erical M ethods ...........................................
Graphical M ethod-NASA Charts ................................
Radial Flow Corrections .......................................
Tandem -rotor Interference
.
......................................
F~xed Aerodynamic Surfaces ......................................
COMPOUND
CONFIGURATIONS ...............................
Speed Capability of Helicopters ...................................
Prelim inary Design Considerations .................................
Selection of Configuration Parameter% ..............................
W iag ........................................................
......
3-1
3-1
3-2
3-2
3-2
3-3
3-3
3-4
3-4
3-6
3-6
3-7
3-7
3-11
3-12
3-14
3-14
3-14
3-15
3-17
3-18
3-19
3-19
3-20
3-20
3-21
3-21
3-22
3-23
3-26
3-2o
3-20
3-27
3-28
3-28
iil
.-
-
.
.......... .....
.
.. ....... ...........
AMCP 706-201
f
rTABLE
OF
CONTENTS
(Continued)
Page
R otor .......................................................
Auxiliary Propulsion ...........................................
Torque Balancing and Directional Control ........................
Compound Helicopter Performance ................................
Wing/Rotor Lift Sharing .......................................
Calculating Procedure for Power Required ........................
Autorot-ion of a Compound Helicopter ..........................
WIND TUN NEL TESTING .......................................
Objectives ......................................................
Support of a Project ............................................
Airframe Drag and Stability Studies ..............................
Powered M odels ..............................................
Dynam ic M odels ..............................................
Special M odels
................................................
Two-dimensional Airfoil Tests ...................................
Testing of Actual Hardware .....................................
Model Design Considerations ..................................
M odels Without Rotors ........................................
M odels With Rotors ...........................................
Rotor Design .................................................
Rotor Control Systems .........................................
Rotor Power Supply
...........................................
'\'-dParagraph
3-2.2.3,2
3-2.2,3.3
3-2.2.3.4
3.2.2.4
3-2.2.4.1
3-2.2.4.2
3-2.2.4.3
3.2.3
3-2.3.1
3-2.3.2
3.2.3.2.1
3-2.3.2.2
3.2.3,2.3
3-2.3.2.4
3.2.3.215
3-2.3.2.6
3-2.3.3.
3-2.3.3.1
3-2.3.3.2
3-2.3.3.2.1
3-2.3.3.2.2
3-2.3.3.2.3
_
.
3.29
3-30
,.30
3-32
3.32
3-32
3.33
3-33
3-33
3.33
3-34
3-35
3-35
3-35
3-36
3-36
3-36
3-36
3-37
3-37
3-37
3-37
._
3-2.3.3.2.4
3-2.3.4
3-2.3.5
3-2.3.5.1
Instrum entation ...............................................
Test Procedures .................................................
Data Reduction ................................................
W ind Tunnel W all Corrections ..................................
3-37
3 40
3-40
3-40
:
3-2.3.5.2
3-2.3.6
3-2.3.6.1
3-2.3.6.2
3-3
3-3.1
3-3.1.1
3-3.1,2
3-3.1.2.1
3-3.1.2.2
Presentation of Results .........................................
Other Related Tests .............................................
Rotor Whirl Tower ............................................
Download Test Facilities .......................................
PROPULSION ....................................................
PROPULSION SYSTEM ANALYSIS ...............................
Propulsion Techniques ...........................................
Gas Turbine Engine Characteristics ................................
Cycle Description .............................................
Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) ................................
3-40
3-41
3-41
3-41
3-42
3-42
3-42
3-43
3-43
3-44
3-3.1.2.3
3-3.1.3
3-3.1.3. i
3-3.1.3.2
3-3.1.3.3
3-3.1.3.4
3-3.1.3.5
3-3.1.3.6
3-3.1.4
Specific Power ................................................
Process A nalysis ................................................
Inlet .......................................................
.....................
Compressor ............................
C om bustor ...................................................
T urbine ......................................................
Exhaust Duct ................................................
Other Considerations ..........................................
Partial Power Cycle Analysis
.....................................
3-44
3-45
3.45
3-45
3-46
3-47
3-47
3-47
3-48
,
. ,;
3-3.1.5
•
3-3.1.5.1
3.3.1.5.2
3-3.2
R eaction Svstem s ...............................................
Hot G as Cycle ................................................
Tip Jet .....................................................
ENGINE CHARACTERISTICS AND SELECTION
.
..................
3-49
3-50
3.51
3-51
iii

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